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List of Illustrations | |
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List of Color Photographs | |
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List of Maps | |
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Preface | |
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Introductory Concerns | |
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What is ancient Egypt? | |
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Chronological boundaries | |
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Geographical boundaries | |
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What is Ancient Egyptian History? | |
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Who are the Ancient Egyptians? | |
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Egypt's Geography | |
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The Nile River | |
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The Desert | |
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Climate | |
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Frontiers and links | |
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The makeup of Egyptian historical sources | |
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Papyri and ostraca | |
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Monumental inscriptions | |
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Historical criticism | |
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The Egyptians and their past | |
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King lists | |
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Egyptian concepts of kingship | |
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The Chronology of Egyptian History | |
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Modern subdivisions of Egyptian history | |
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Absolute chronology | |
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Prehistoric Developments | |
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The Beginning of agriculture | |
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Naqada I and II periods | |
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The five names of the kings of Egypt | |
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Egyptian city names | |
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The formation of the Egyptian state (ca. 3400-2686) | |
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Sources | |
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Royal cemeteries and cities | |
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The Late Naqada Culture | |
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Dynasty 0 | |
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The first kings | |
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Images of War | |
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The Unification of Egypt | |
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Ideological foundations of the new state | |
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Kings | |
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Cemeteries | |
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Festivals | |
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Royal Annals and Year Names | |
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Gods and Cults | |
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Bureaucracy | |
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The invention of writing | |
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Precursors at Abydos | |
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Hieroglyphic script | |
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Foreign Relations | |
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The Uruk Culture of Mesopotamia | |
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Late Fourth Millennium Nubia | |
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Late Fourth Millennium Palestine | |
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Languages and scripts of ancient Egypt | |
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Canons of Egyptian art | |
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Key Debate: The impetus to state formation in Egypt | |
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The Great Pyramid Builders (ca. 2686-2345) | |
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Sources | |
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The evolution of the mortuary complex | |
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Djoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara | |
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Sneferu's three pyramids | |
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The Great Pyramids at Giza | |
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Solar Temples of the Fifth Dynasty | |
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Administrating the Old Kingdom State | |
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Neferirkara's Archive at Abusir | |
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Officialdom | |
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Ideological debates? | |
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Problems of Royal Succession | |
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The Gods Horus and Ra | |
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Foreign Relations | |
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Contacts with Nubia | |
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Contacts with Asia | |
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Later traditions about the Old Kingdom | |
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Djoser and Imhotep | |
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Sneferu | |
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The Great Pyramid Builders | |
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The afterlife of the mortuary complexes | |
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Egypt's administration | |
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A papyrus from Abusir | |
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A Middle Kingdom Tale about the fifth dynasty | |
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Key Debate: How was the Great Pyramid built? | |
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The End of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period (ca. 2345-2055 BC) | |
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Sources | |
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The rise of the regions and political fragmentation | |
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Nomes and nomarchs | |
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Mortuary Texts | |
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Officials' biographies | |
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Pepy II | |
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Why did the Old Kingdom dissolve? | |
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Foreign Relations | |
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Nubian independence | |
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Beyond the Nile Valley | |
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Mercenaries | |
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Competition between Herakleopolis and Thebes | |
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Herakleopolis | |
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Thebes | |
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Appraising the First Intermediate Period | |
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Middle Kingdom literary reflections | |
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Historical critique | |
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Box: Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts | |
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The Inscription of Pepynakht | |
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The Tale of Pepy II and his general | |
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Key Debate: Climate Change and the First Intermediate Period | |
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The Middle Kingdom (ca. 2055-1650 BC) | |
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Sources and chronology | |
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Kings and regional elites | |
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Reunification and the Eleventh Dynasty | |
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The start of the twelfth Dynasty and the foundation of Itj-tawi | |
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Provincial powers in the early Middle Kingdom | |
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Royal interference in the provinces | |
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Administrative centralization | |
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Royal power in the thirteenth dynasty | |
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Kings as warriors | |
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The annexation of Nubia | |
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Egypt in the wider world | |
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The Early Kingdom of Kush | |
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The Eastern Desert and Sinai | |
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Syria and Palestine | |
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The World Beyond | |
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Rhetoric and Practice in Foreign Relations | |
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The cult of Osiris | |
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Middle Kingdom Literature and its impact on Egyptian culture | |
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The Heqanakht papyri | |
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Reading Egyptian literature | |
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Document: The Execration Texts | |
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Key debate: Co-regencies | |
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The Second Intermediate period and the Hyksos (ca. 1700-1550 BC) | |
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Sources and chronology | |
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Avaris: the multiple transformations of a Delta city | |
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A history of Avaris | |
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Cultural hybridity | |
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Other immigrants | |
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The Hyksos | |
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The name Hyksos | |
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Hyksos origins | |
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Egyptian cultural influences | |
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Political history | |
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The fourteenth and sixteenth dynasties | |
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Hyksos rule in Palestine? | |
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Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush | |
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The independence of Lower Nubia | |
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The Kingdom of Kush | |
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Kerma | |
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The extent of the Kingdom of Kush | |
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Thebes in the Middle | |
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Royal tombs | |
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Seqenenra Taa | |
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Kamose's war | |
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The Hyksos in later perspective | |
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Queen Hatshepsut | |
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The gods Ra and Seth | |
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Manetho and Josephus | |
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Box: Egyptian gods | |
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Document: the Rhind mathematical papyrus | |
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Key debate: Who were the Hyksos? | |
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The Birth of Empire: The early 18th dynasty (ca. 1550-1390) | |
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Egypt in a New World Order | |
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Sources and Chronology | |
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Egypt at War | |
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War and Society in the New Kingdom | |
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The "War of Liberation" | |
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The Annexation of Nubia | |
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Wars in Western Asia | |
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Egypt and the Outside World | |
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Domestic Issues | |
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Royal Succession | |
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Hatshepsut | |
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Royal Mortuary Customs | |
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New Kingdom Bureaucracy | |
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Building activity in the early 18th dynasty | |
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Box: The Tomb of Rekhmira | |
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The biography of Ahmose, son of Ibana | |
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The Annals of Thutmose III | |
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Key debate: Hatshepsut's proscription | |
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The Amarna Revolution and the late 18th Dynasty (ca. 1390-1295) | |
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An International Age | |
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The Club of the Great Powers | |
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The administration of Syria and Palestine | |
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The rise of the Hittites | |
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A failed marriage alliance | |
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Amenhotep III: the sun king | |
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Amenhotep III's divinity and his building projects | |
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The king's family | |
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The king's court | |
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From Amenhotep III to Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten | |
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Akhenaten | |
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Theban years (years 1 to 5) | |
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Akhetaten (years 5 to 12) | |
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Turmoil (years 12 to 17) | |
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Akhenaten's successors | |
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Hymn to Aten | |
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The Restoration Stele of Tutankhamun | |
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Box: The city of Akhetaten | |
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Key debate: The end of the Amarna period | |
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Akhenaten's memory | |
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The Ramessid Empire (ca. 1295-1203) | |
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1) Domestic policy: restoration and renewal | |
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Sety I | |
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Rameses II | |
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International relations: reforming the empire | |
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Wars in Syria | |
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A new imperial structure | |
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Foreigners in Egypt | |
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Rameses's court | |
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Officials | |
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The royal family | |
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A community of tomb builders | |
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Rameses defends his account of the battle of Qadesh | |
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Letters from Deir el-Medina | |
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Box: Litigation over real estate | |
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Key debate: Markets in ancient Egypt | |
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The End of Empire (ca. 1213-1070) | |
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Problems at court | |
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Sety II and Amenmessu | |
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Saptah and Tausret | |
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Sethnakht | |
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Breakdown of order | |
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Tomb robberies | |
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Workers' strikes | |
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The decline of royal power | |
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Pressures from abroad | |
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Libyans and Sea Peoples | |
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The end of the international system | |
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End of the New Kingdom | |
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Box: The Tale of Wenamun | |
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The "Israel Stele" of Merenptah | |
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Disregard for the king | |
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Key Debate: The Sea Peoples | |
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The Third Intermediate Period (ca. 1069-715) | |
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Sources and Chronology | |
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Twin cities: Thebes and Tanis (the 21st dynasty, 1069-945) | |
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Thebes | |
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Tanis | |
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The Concordat | |
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Libyan rule (22nd to 24th dynasties, 945-715) | |
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Centralization and diffusion of power | |
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The God's Wife of Amun | |
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The end of the Third Intermediate Period | |
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Nubian resurgence | |
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Saite Expansion | |
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Sheshonq I's accession to power | |
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Piy's Victory stele | |
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Key Debate: Fortresses in Middle Egypt | |
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Egypt in the Age of Empires (ca. 715-332) | |
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Sources and Chronology | |
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The Eastern Mediterranean in the First Millennium | |
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Egypt, Kush, and Assyria (ca. 715-656) | |
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Military incidents | |
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Egypt, Greeks, and Babylonians (656-525) | |
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Greek-Egyptian relations | |
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Military activity | |
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Recollections of the past under the kings of Kush and Sais | |
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Egypt and Persia (525-332) | |
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Domination and resistance | |
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Mixing Cultures | |
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Box: The Apis bull and other animal cults | |
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Document: The Petition of Petiese | |
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Key Debate: King Cambyses and the Apis bull | |
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Greek and Roman Egypt (332 BC- AD 395) | |
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Sources and Chronology | |
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Alexandria and Philae | |
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Alexandria | |
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Philae | |
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Kings, queens, and emperors | |
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The Ptolemies | |
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Queen Cleopatra VII | |
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Roman Egypt | |
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Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians | |
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Administration | |
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Culture and Religion | |
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Economic developments: Agriculture, finance, and trade | |
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The African Hinterland | |
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The Christianization of Egypt | |
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Menches, village scribe of Kerkeosiris | |
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Manetho's History of Egypt | |
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Document: The Rosetta Stone | |
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Key Debate: Greeks and Egyptians in Ptolemaic Egypt | |
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Epilogue | |
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Guide to further reading | |
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Glossary | |
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King list | |
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Bibliography | |