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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Source Acknowledgments | |
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| The Formation of the Islamic Tradition | |
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| Islam in Global Perspective | |
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| The Problem of Defining Islam | |
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| Mapping the Islamic World | |
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| Arabs and Non-Arabs | |
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| SunnCs and Shi'ites | |
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| Islamic Ritual | |
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| What to Expect from This Book | |
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| Essential Resources for the Study of Islam | |
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| Arabia | |
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| Geography | |
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| Pre-Islamic Poetry | |
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| Arab Religion | |
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| Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia | |
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| Mecca and the Quraysh | |
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| The Gifts of the Arabs | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| The Pre-Islamic Near East | |
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| Christianity in the Near East | |
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| Saints and Relics | |
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| Zoroastrianism | |
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| Judaism | |
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| Manichaeism | |
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| Mazdak | |
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| The Place of the Arabs in the Near East | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| The Life of Muhammad | |
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| Prologue and Setting | |
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| Birth and Childhood | |
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| Early Adulthood | |
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| The Beginning of Revelation | |
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| Opposition | |
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| The Night Journey and Ascent to Heaven | |
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| The Hijra | |
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| The Battle of Badr | |
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| Confrontation with the Jews of Medina | |
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| The Battle of Uhud | |
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| The Peace of al-Ludaybiyya and the Farewell Pilgrimage | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| The Qur�an | |
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| Approaches to the Qur�an | |
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| The History of the Text | |
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| Jesus in the Qur�an | |
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| The Qur�an in Muslim Piety | |
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| The Eternity of the Qur�an | |
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| The Inimitability of the Qur�an | |
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| Interpreting the Qur�an | |
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| Central Themes | |
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| Qur�anic Narratives | |
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| Qur�anic Law and the Problem of Abrogation | |
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| Women and Gender in the Qur�an | |
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| The Problem of Context | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| The Tradition Literature | |
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| The Science of Hadith | |
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| The Origins of Hadith | |
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| In Quest of the Historical Muhammad | |
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| The Sira and the Shaping of an Islamic Worldview | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| The Expansion of Islam | |
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| The Conquests | |
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| Psychological Impact | |
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| Archeological Data: The �Invisible� Conquests | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Religion of Empire | |
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| Arab Colonial Policy | |
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| Conversion to Islam | |
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| Leadership | |
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| The First Civil War | |
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| The Martyrdom of Lusayn | |
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| The Deputy of God | |
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| Personal Piety | |
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| The Dome of the Rock | |
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| The Constitution of Medina | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| The Caliphate | |
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| Ibn al-Muqaffa� | |
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| The Shi'ite Vision | |
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| The �Abbasids | |
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| Twelvers | |
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| Isma'ilis | |
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| Nizari �Assassins� | |
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| Kharijites | |
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| The Sasanian Revival | |
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| Al-Mawardi and the Sunni Compromise | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Islamic Institutions | |
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| Islamic Law | |
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| The Coffee Debate | |
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| Revelation and Reason | |
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| Qiyas | |
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| The Schools of Law | |
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| Islamic Law and the State | |
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| Ijma' | |
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| The Uaul al-Fiqh | |
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| The Substance of the Law | |
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| Ritual Purity | |
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| Acts of Worship | |
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| Marriage and Divorce | |
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| The Origins of Islamic Law | |
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| Al-Shafi' i and Islamic Legal Theory | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Islamic Theology and Philosophy | |
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| Freedom and Determinism | |
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| God�s Attributes | |
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| Anthropomorphism | |
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| Faith and Works | |
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| Leadership | |
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| The Sunni Consensus | |
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| Ahmad ibn Lanbal | |
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| Al-Ash�ari | |
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| Kalam | |
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| Jewish and Christian Influences | |
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| The Challenge of Philosophy | |
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| Prophecy and Revelation in Islamic Philosophy | |
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| Philosophy and Mysticism | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Sufism | |
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| The Parliament of Birds | |
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| Stages on the Path | |
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| The Spiritual Master | |
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| Sufi Brotherhoods | |
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| Sufi Ritual | |
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| The Destination | |
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| Sufi Cosmology | |
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| Sufism in History: The Case of al-Hallaj | |
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| Beginnings to the Tenth Century | |
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| Classical Manuals and the Growth of Tariqas | |
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| The Pervasiveness of Sufism | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Crisis and Renewal in Islamic History | |
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| Turks, Crusaders, and Mongols | |
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| The Saljuqs | |
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| Al-Ghazali and the Sunni Revival | |
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| Slave Soldiers | |
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| The Crusades | |
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| The Mongols | |
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| The Impact of the Mongol Invasions | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Revival and Reform | |
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| The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires | |
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| The Rise of European Power | |
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| The Religious Environment | |
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| The �Ulama� | |
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| Sufi Reformers | |
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| The Wahhabi Movement | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Islam and the West | |
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| Napoleon�s Invasion of Egypt | |
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| The Birth of Orientalism | |
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| Jihad Movements | |
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| Al-Afghani | |
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| Sayyid Ahmad Khan and �Aligarh | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| The Turbulent Twentieth Century | |
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| Islam and Modernity | |
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| The Abolition of the Caliphate | |
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| Nationalism | |
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| Secularism | |
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| The Salafi Movement | |
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| The Muslim Brotherhood | |
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| Jihad and Martyrdom | |
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| From Shari�a to Secular Law and Back | |
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| Muslim Family Law | |
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| Modern Qur�an Interpretation | |
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| The Problem of Sunna | |
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| Ijtihad and Ijma' | |
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| A New Kalam? | |
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| Muhammad �Abduh | |
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| Muhammad Iqbal | |
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| The Vitality of Sufism | |
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| Resources for Further Study | |
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| Islam in the Twenty-First Century | |
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| The Challenge of Pluralism | |
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| Twenty-First-Century Wahhabism | |
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| Islamic Liberalism | |
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| Islam in the West | |
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| Islamic Feminism | |
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| The Challenge of Islam | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |