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| Series Editor's Preface | |
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| Preface | |
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| Phonetic Symbols | |
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| Dialects, Standards, and Vernaculars | |
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| Defining Dialect | |
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| Dialect: The Popular Viewpoint | |
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| Dialect Myths and Reality | |
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| Standards and Vernaculars | |
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| Vernacular Dialects | |
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| Labeling Vernacular Dialects | |
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| Why Study Dialects? | |
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| A Tradition of Study | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Why Dialects? | |
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| Sociohistorical Explanation | |
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| Settlement | |
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| Migration | |
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| Geographical factors | |
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| Language contact | |
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| Economic ecology | |
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| Social stratification | |
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| Social interaction, social practices, and speech communities | |
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| Group and individual identity | |
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| Linguistic Explanation | |
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| Rule extension | |
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| Analogy | |
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| Transparency and grammaticalization | |
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| Pronunciation phenomena | |
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| Words and word meanings | |
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| The Final Product | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Levels of Dialect | |
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| Lexical Differences | |
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| Slang | |
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| Phonological Differences | |
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| Grammatical Differences | |
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| Language Use and Pragmatics | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Dialects in the United States: Past, Present, and Future | |
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| The First English(es) in America | |
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| Earlier American English: The Colonial Period | |
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| American English Extended | |
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| The Westward Expansion of English | |
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| The Present and Future State of American English | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Regional Dialects | |
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| Eliciting Regional Dialect Forms | |
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| Mapping Regional Variants | |
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| The Distribution of Dialect Forms | |
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| Dialect Diffusion | |
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| Perceptual Dialectology | |
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| Region and Place | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Social and Ethnic Dialects | |
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| Defining Class | |
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| Beyond Social Class | |
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| The Patterning of Social Differences in Language | |
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| Linguistic Constraints on Variability | |
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| The Social Evaluation of Linguistic Features | |
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| Social Class and Language Change | |
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| Ethnicity | |
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| Latino English | |
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| Chicano English | |
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| The range of Latino English | |
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| Cajun English | |
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| Lumbee English | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| African American English | |
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| The Status of European American and African American Vernaculars | |
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| The Origin and Early Development of AAE | |
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| The Contemporary Development of AAE | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Gender and Language Variation | |
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| Gender-based Patterns of Variation as Reported in Dialect Surveys | |
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| Explaining General Patterns | |
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| Localized Expressions of Gender Relations | |
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| Communities of Practice: Linking the Local and the Global | |
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| Language-use-based Approaches: The "Female Deficit" Approach | |
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| The "Cultural Difference" Approach | |
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| The "Dominance" Approach | |
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| Further Implications | |
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| Talking about Men and Women | |
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| Generic he and man | |
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| Family names and addresses | |
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| Relationships of association | |
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| Labeling | |
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| The Question of Language Reform | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Dialects and Style | |
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| Types of Style Shifting | |
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| Attention to Speech | |
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| The patterning of stylistic variation across social groups | |
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| Limitations of the attention to speech approach | |
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| Audience Design | |
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| The effects of audience on speech style | |
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| Limitations of the audience design approach | |
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| Newer approaches to audience design | |
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| Speaker Design Approaches | |
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| Further Considerations | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| On the Applications of Dialect Study | |
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| Applied Dialectology | |
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| Dialects and Testing | |
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| Language achievement | |
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| Speech and language development tests | |
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| Predicting dialect interference | |
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| Testing Language | |
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| Using language to access information | |
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| The testing situation | |
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| The language diagnostician | |
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| Teaching Standard English | |
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| What standard? | |
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| Approaches to standard English | |
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| Can standard English be taught? | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Dialect Awareness: Extending Application | |
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| Dialects and Reading | |
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| Dialect readers | |
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| Dialect Influence in Written Language | |
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| Written Dialect | |
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| Proactive Dialect Awareness Programs | |
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| A Curriculum on Dialects | |
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| Community-based Dialect Awareness Programs | |
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| Scrutinizing Community Partnerships | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| An Inventory of Distinguishing Dialect Features | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |