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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Coming to Terms with the Several Chemicals in Modern Society | |
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| The Nature of Chemical Hazards and Human Response from Exposure to Chemical Substances | |
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| Classification of Chemical Toxicity | |
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| Factors Influencing Chemical Toxicity to Humans and Human Response to Chemical Toxicants | |
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| Distribution and Storage of Toxicants in the Human Body | |
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| Scope of Chemical Hazard Problems: Lead Exposures as an Example | |
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| 'The Dose Makes the Poison'--So, What Dose is Safe Enough? | |
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| Managing the Chemical Exposure Problem: The Need for Public Health Risk Assessment | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Human Exposure to Chemicals | |
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| An Overview of Human Contact Sites and Target Organs Most Susceptible to Chemical Exposures | |
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| Fundamentals of Human Physiology | |
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| Target Organ Toxicity | |
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| General Types of Human Exposures | |
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| The Nature of Chemical Exposure Problems | |
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| Human Exposures to Airborne Chemical Toxicants | |
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| Water Pollution Problems and Human Exposures to Chemicals in Water | |
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| Contaminated Soil Problems and Human Exposures to Chemicals on Land | |
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| Human Exposures to Chemicals in Foods | |
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| Public Health and Socio-Economic Implications of Chemical Exposure Problems | |
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| The General Nature of Human Health Effects from Chemical Exposures | |
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| Assessing Public Health Risks | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Principles and Concepts in Risk Assessment | |
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| Fundamental Principles of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk Assessments | |
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| The Nature of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk | |
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| Basis for Measuring Risks | |
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| What is Risk Assessment? | |
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| The Nature of Risk Assessments | |
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| Recognition of Uncertainty as an Integral Component of Risk Assessments | |
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| Fundamental Concepts in Risk Assessment Practice | |
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| Qualitative versus Quantitative Risk Assessments | |
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| Conservatisms in Risk Assessments | |
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| Individual versus Group Risks | |
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| Consideration of Risk Perception Issues | |
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| Risk Acceptability and Risk Tolerance Criteria | |
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| The de Minimis or 'Acceptable' Risk | |
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| General Attributes of Risk Assessment | |
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| The Purpose | |
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| The Attributes | |
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| Risk Assessment versus Risk Management | |
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| Risk Assessment as a Diagnostic Tool | |
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| Baseline Risk Assessments | |
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| Comparative Risk Assessments | |
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| Public Health Risk Assessments | |
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| Risk Assessment Implementation Strategy | |
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| Risk Assessment as an Holistic Tool for Environmental and Public Health Management | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Principal Elements of a Public Health Risk Assessment for Chemical Exposure Problems | |
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| Characterization of Chemical Exposure Problems | |
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| Factors Affecting Exposure Characterization | |
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| The Risk Assessment Process | |
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| Hazard Identification and Accounting | |
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| Exposure-Response Evaluation | |
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| Exposure Assessment and Analysis | |
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| Risk Characterization and Consequence Determination | |
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| General Considerations in Public Health Risk Assessments | |
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| Determining Exposure-related Health Effects | |
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| Evaluating Factors that Influence Adverse Health Outcome | |
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| Human Health Risk Assessment in Practice | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Chemical Hazard Determination | |
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| Chemical Hazard Identification: Sources of Chemical Hazards | |
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| Data Collection and Evaluation Considerations | |
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| Data Collection and Analysis Strategies | |
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| Reporting of 'Censored" Laboratory Data | |
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| Statistical Evaluation of Chemical Sampling Data | |
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| Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics | |
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| Statistical Evaluation of 'Non-detect' Values | |
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| Selection of Statistical Averaging Techniques | |
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| Estimating Chemical Exposure Point Concentrations from Limited Data | |
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| Determination of the Level of Chemical Hazard | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Exposure Assessment: Analysis of Human Intake of Chemicals | |
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| Fundamental Concepts and Requirements in the Human Exposure Assessment Process | |
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| Factors Affecting Human Exposure to Chemical Hazards | |
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| Development of Human Exposure Scenarios | |
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| Chemical Intake versus Dose | |
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| Chronic versus Subchronic Exposures | |
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| Incorporating Chemical Bioavailability Adjustments into Exposure Calculations | |
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| Chemical Transformation Products in Risk Assessment: Incorporating Chemical Degradation into Exposure Calculations | |
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| Human Exposure Quantification: The Exposure Estimation Model | |
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| Potential Receptor Inhalation Exposures | |
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| Potential Receptor Ingestion Exposures | |
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| Potential Receptor Dermal Exposures | |
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| Establishing 'Exposure Intake Factors' for Use in the Computation of Chemical Intakes and Doses | |
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| Illustrative Example for Inhalation Exposures | |
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| Illustrative Example for Ingestion Exposures | |
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| Illustrative Example for Dermal Exposures | |
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| Receptor Age Adjustments to Human Exposure Factors | |
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| Spatial and Temporal Averaging of Chemical Exposure Estimates | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity | |
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| Fundamental Concepts and Principles in Toxicology | |
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| Mechanisms of Toxicity | |
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| Categorization of Human Toxic Effects from Chemical Exposures: Carcinogencity vs. Non-carcinogenicity | |
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| Manifestations of Toxicity | |
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| Dose-Response Relationships | |
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| Carcinogen Classification Systems | |
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| Weight-of-Evidence Classification | |
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| Strength-of-Evidence Classification | |
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| Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity | |
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| Hazard Effects Assessment | |
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| Dose-Response Assessment and Quantification | |
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| Determination of Toxicological Parameters for Human Health Risk Assessments | |
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| Toxicity Parameters for Non-carcinogenic Effects | |
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| Toxicity Parameters for Carcinogenic Effects | |
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| The Use of Surrogate Toxicity Parameters | |
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| Mechanisms of Action and the Determination of Human Health Hazard Effects | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Chemical Risk Characterization and Uncertainty Analyses | |
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| Fundamental Issues and Considerations Affecting the Risk Characterization Process | |
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| Corrections for 'Non-Standard' Population Groups | |
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| Adjustments for Chemical Absorption: Administered vs. Absorbed Dose | |
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| Aggregate Effects of Chemical Mixtures and Multiple Exposures | |
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| Fundamental Considerations in the Health Assessment of Carcinogens | |
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| Carcinogenic Risk Effects: Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human Health | |
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| Population Excess Cancer Burden | |
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| Carcinogenic Risk Computations: Illustration of the Processes for Calculating Carcinogenic Risks | |
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| Non-cancer Risk Effects: Estimation of Non-carcinogenic Hazards to Human Health | |
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| Chronic versus Subchronic Non-carcinogenic Effects | |
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| Non-carcinogenic Hazard Computations: Illustration of the Processes for Calculating Non-carcinogenic Hazards | |
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| Risk Presentation | |
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| Graphical Presentation of the Risk Summary Information | |
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| Uncertainty and Variability Issues in Risk Assessment | |
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| Types and Nature of Variability | |
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| Types and Nature of Uncertainty | |
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| Common Sources of Uncertainty in Public Health Endangerment Assessments | |
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| The Need for Uncertainty and Variability Analyses | |
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| Characterization of Data Variability and Uncertainties | |
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| Qualitative Analysis of Uncertainties | |
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| Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainties | |
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| Presenting and Managing Uncertain Risks: The Role of Sensitivity Analyses | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Determination of 'Acceptable' and 'Safe' Levels of Chemical Exposure | |
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| Requirements and Criteria for Establishing Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels | |
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| Miscellaneous Methods for Establishing Environmental Quality Goals | |
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| Assessing the Safety of Chemicals in Consumer Products | |
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| Determination of 'Tolerable' Chemical Concentrations | |
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| Determination of Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels | |
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| RBCELs for Carcinogenic Constituents | |
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| RBCELs for Non-carcinogenic Effects of Chemical Constituents | |
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| Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Lands | |
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| Soil Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants | |
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| Soil Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects of Site Contaminants | |
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| Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Waters | |
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| Water Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants | |
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| Water Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects of Site Contaminants | |
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| A 'Preferable' Health-Protective Chemical Level | |
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| The Modified RBCEL for Carcinogenic Chemicals | |
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| The Modified RBCEL for Non-carcinogenic Constituents | |
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| Incorporating Degradation Rates into the Estimation of Environmental Quality Criteria | |
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| Public Health Goals vs. Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| Design of Public Health Risk Management Programs | |
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| Risk Assessment as a Cost-Effective Tool in the Formulation of Public Health and Environmental Management Decisions | |
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| Comparative Risk Analysis: Application of Environmental Decision Analysis Methods to Public Health Risk Management Programs | |
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| Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | |
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| Risk-Cost-Benefit Optimization | |
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| Multi-attribute Decision Analysis and Utility Theory Applications | |
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| The General Nature of Risk Management Programs | |
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| A Framework for Risk Management Programs | |
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| Risk Communication as a Facilitator of Risk Management | |
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| Designing an Effectual Risk Communication Program | |
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| The Use of Contemporary Risk Mapping Tools: GIS in Public Health Risk Management Applications | |
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| Utilization of GIS in Risk Assessment and Environmental Management Programs | |
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| The Role of GIS Applications in Environmental Management | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| The Role of Risk Assessment in Public Health Policy Decisions | |
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| General Scope of Public Health Risk Assessment Practice | |
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| Illustrative Examples of Public Health Risk Assessment in Practice | |
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| The Public Health Risk Assessment Paradigm | |
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| Suggested Further Reading | |
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| List of References and Bibliography | |
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| Glossary of Selected Terms and Definitions | |
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| Selected Tools, Chemical Exposure Models, and Chemical Databases for Public Health Risk Policy Decision-Making | |
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| Toxicity Index Parameters for Selected Chemicals | |
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| Selected Units of Measurements & Noteworthy Expressions | |
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| Index | |