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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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The Noun | |
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Gender | |
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First and second declensions [30-2, 34] | |
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Soft-sign nouns [33] | |
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Common gender [35] | |
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Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin [36] | |
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Differentiation of gender through suffi xes. Professions [43-4] | |
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Animals [45] | |
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Declension | |
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Animacy [47] | |
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Nouns which have a plural form only [49] | |
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First declension: masculine nouns [50-2] | |
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Partitive genitive in -?/-? [53] | |
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Prepositional/locative singular in -�/-F [54] | |
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Special masculine plural forms [55] | |
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First declension: neuter nouns in -o [58] | |
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First declension: nouns in -e, -??, -?, -?? [59] | |
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Second declension: nouns in -?/-? [61] | |
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Third declension: soft-sign feminine nouns [63] | |
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Declension of neuter nouns in -?? [64] | |
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Declension of nouns in -??/-?? [65] | |
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?�?? and ?F?? [68] | |
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Declension of fi rst names/surnames [69-70] | |
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Apposition in the names of publications, towns etc. [72] | |
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Agreement of ???, ??????????� etc. [75] | |
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Case Usage | |
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The nominative [77] | |
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The accusative [79] | |
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The genitive [80-2] | |
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The partitive genitive [83-4] | |
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Genitive and negative [86] | |
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Genitive and accusative after negated verbs [87] | |
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Verbs that take the genitive [88] | |
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The dative as indirect object of a verb [89] | |
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Verbs that take the dative [90] | |
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Impersonal constructions using the dative [92] | |
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The instrumental of function [94] | |
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The instrumental in passive constructions [96] | |
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Verbs that take the instrumental [99] | |
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The instrumental of dimension [101] | |
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The instrumental as predicate [102] | |
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Nouns in apposition [103] | |
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Revision exercises: case usage | |
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The Pronoun | |
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Personal pronouns [110] | |
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The pronoun ? [113] | |
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The pronouns ?? and ?? [115] | |
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The third-person pronouns (??, ??�, ??�, ??D) [116] | |
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The refl exive pronoun ???B [117] | |
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The possessive pronouns ???, ????, ???, ??? [118] | |
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The possessive pronouns ??�, ??, ?? [119] | |
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The refl exive possessive pronoun ????, ???B, ????, ???D [120] | |
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???, ???, ???�?, ???�???, ??? as interrogative pronouns [121-2] | |
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???�???, ???, ??? and ??? as relative pronouns [123] | |
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The demonstrative pronouns J??? and ??? [125-6] | |
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??? and ?�??? [131] | |
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????, ?�???, ??B???, ?�????, ???�? [132] | |
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????� [134] | |
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????� [135] | |
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?????�? and ???�? [136] | |
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The 'potential' negative pronouns ?�????, ?�???? [137] | |
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Indefi nite pronouns with the particles -??, -?????? [138] | |
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?�??????? [141] | |
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Other parts of speech which can also function as pronouns [143] | |
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The Adjective | |
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The Long Form of the Adjective | |
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'Mixed' declension [146] | |
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Soft-ending adjectives [147] | |
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Formation of adjectives from nouns: the suffi xes -?-, -??-and -o?-/-e?- [148] | |
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Attributive use of the long adjective [155] | |
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Use of the long adjective with predicative meaning [156] | |
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Revision exercises: declension of adjectives | |
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The Short Form of the Adjective | |
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Endings of the short form of the adjective [159] | |
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The mobile vowels -?-, -o- and -?- in the masculine short form [161] | |
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Some special short forms [162] | |
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Short forms: pairs of opposites [168] | |
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Adjectives of dimension [169] | |
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Delimitation of meaning by the oblique case of a noun or pronoun [170] | |
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Delimitation of meaning by a prepositional phrase [171] | |
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Revision exercises: short-form and long-form adjectives | |
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The Comparative Degree of the Adjective | |
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The attributive comparative with ?�??? [177] | |
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One-word attributive comparatives [178] | |
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Predicative comparative forms in -?? [179] | |
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Comparative short forms in -e in predicative meaning [180-1] | |
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Constructions with the comparative [182] | |
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Other functions of the short-form comparative [184] | |
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The Superlative Degree of the Adjective | |
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The superlative degree with ?�??? [185] | |
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?H???? and ?D???? [186] | |
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The Numeral | |
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Cardinal, Collective and Indefinite Numerals | |
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The cardinal numeral [190] | |
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Declension of cardinal numerals [191] | |
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The numeral ??D?, ???�, ???�, ???D [193] | |
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??????�/??????H, ???/???, ???, ???H??, �??/�?? [194] | |
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Numerals five and above [195] | |
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Agreement of oblique cases of numerals ??????�/??????H to 999 with oblique plural forms of nouns [196] | |
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Declension of compound numerals [198] | |
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Collective numerals [200] | |
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Indefi nite numerals [201] | |
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Agreement of the predicate with a subject that contains a numeral [202] | |
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Ordinal Numerals | |
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Formation of ordinal numerals. Usage [203-4] | |
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Special Functions of Numerals | |
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Telling the time [206] | |
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Giving the date [207] | |
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Numerals in compound nouns and adjectives [211] | |
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The Verb | |
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Conjugation | |
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First-conjugation verbs with stems ending in a vowel [215] | |
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First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems I [216] | |
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First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems II: verbs in -??? with consonant mutation throughout conjugation [217] | |
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First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems III: verbs in -??, -???/-???, -?? [218] | |
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Present-future endings in the second conjugation [220-1] | |
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Consonant change in the conjugation of second-conjugation verbs [222] | |
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Revision exercises: conjugation of verbs | |
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The verb 'to be' [226] | |
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Formation of and stress in the imperative [227-8] | |
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Revision exercise: imperative mood | |
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Formation of the past tense [230-1] | |
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The mobile vowel -o- in conjugation [234] | |
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Aspect | |
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Introductory [235]. Formation of the perfective by prefi xation [239]. Submeanings of perfectives [242] | |
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The formation of imperfectives from prefixed first-conjugation verbs [244] | |
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Secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [246] | |
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Consonant mutation in secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [247] | |
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Secondary imperfectives based on monosyllabic verbs [248] | |
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The differentiation of aspects by conjugation. Aspectival pairs with different roots. Verbs which are refl exive in the imperfective aspect only [250-2] | |
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Compounds of -?????? [253] | |
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Meanings of verbal prefixes [254] | |
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The imperfective and perfective aspects [255] | |
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Aspect in the present tense [256] | |
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Aspect in the past tense [257] | |
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Use of the imperfective past to denote an action and its reverse [259] | |
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Use of the imperfective past to denote a forthcoming event [261] | |
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Negated verbs in the past [262] | |
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Aspect in the future [263] | |
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The 'logical' future [264] | |
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The future in reported speech [265] | |
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Use of the future to express repeated actions [266] | |
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Use of the imperative in the context of a single action [270] | |
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Use of the imperative to exhort and invite [271] | |
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Negative commands/warnings [273] | |
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Aspect in the infi nitive. Introductory [276] | |
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Use of the infi nitive to denote habitual actions [277] | |
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Use of the imperfective infinitive after verbs of beginning, continuing and concluding [278] | |
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Inadvisable and advisable actions [279] | |
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A request to perform/not to perform an action [280] | |
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Revision exercises: aspect | |
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Reflexive Verbs | |
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Reflexive verbs. The 'true' reflexive [284-5] | |
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Intransitive refl exives [287] | |
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Refl exive verbs with passive meaning [288] | |
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Reciprocal meanings [289] | |
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The Passive Voice | |
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The passive voice [300-3] | |
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The Conditional and Subjunctive Moods | |
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The conditional mood [304-5] | |
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Use of the subjunctive to express wish or desire [308] | |
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The subjunctive of purposeful endeavour [309] | |
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Purpose clauses [310] | |
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The expression of hypothesis [311] | |
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Concessive constructions [312] | |
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Constructions Expressing Obligation, Necessity, Possibility or Potential | |
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The expression of obligation and necessity [313] | |
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The expression of possibility or potential [314] | |
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Verbs of Motion | |
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Unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion | |
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Conjugation [315-16] | |
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Imperatives and past tense of verbs of motion [317-18] | |
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'To go': ???D/???D?? and �????/�????? [319] | |
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Functions of unidirectional verbs of motion [320] | |
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Unidirectional verbs in frequentative contexts [321] | |
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Functions of multidirectional verbs of motion [322] | |
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Use of the past tense of a multidirectional verb to denote a single return journey. Perfectives of unidirectional verbs [323/326] | |
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The verbs ????D, ???D??; ????D, ???D??; ????D, ???D??. Translation of 'to drive' [324-5] | |
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Perfectives of multidirectional verbs [329] | |
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Compound verbs of motion [331] | |
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Prefi xed verbs of motion [332/334] | |
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Spelling rules in the formation of compound verbs of motion [333] | |
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Use of the imperfective past of a compound verb of motion to denote an action and its reverse [335] | |
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Figurative and idiomatic uses of compound verbs of motion [336] | |
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Perfectives in c- based on multidirectional verbs [337] | |
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Participles | |
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Present active participle. Formation and stress [340-1] | |
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The past active participle. Formation and stress [342-3] | |
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The imperfective passive participle. Formation and stress [344-7] | |
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Formation of the perfective passive participle from infinitives in -???/-??? [349] | |
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Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from verbs in -???/-??? [351] | |
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Formation of the short-form participle from second-conjugation verbs in -???/-??? [352] | |
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Consonant mutation in participles from second-conjugation infi nitives in -???/-??? [353] | |
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Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from second-conjugation verbs in -???/-??? [354] | |
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Formation of perfective passive participles (short form) from verbs in -??, -??, -???, -??? [355] | |
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Long-form participles from verbs in -??, -??, -???, -??? [356] | |
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Perfective passive participles in -? [357] | |
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The long form of participles in -? [358] | |
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Functions of short-form participles [359] | |
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Functions of long-form participles [360] | |
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Agreement of long-form participle and noun [361] | |
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Text on participles [339-66] | |
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Gerunds | |
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Formation of/stress in the imperfective gerund. Lack of an imperfective gerund [368-71] | |
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Formation of the perfective gerund [372-6] | |
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Functions of the gerunds [377] | |
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Special features of constructions with gerunds [378] | |
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The Adverb | |
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Adverbs derived from adjectives/nouns [382-3] | |
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Adverbs derived from pronouns [386] | |
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Primary spatial adverbs [387] | |
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Primary adverbs of time [388] | |
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???, ??? ??, ??? ??? [389-90] | |
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The temporal adverbs ?�???, ????� and ???�??? [391] | |
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?�??, ?�??? [394] | |
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Indefinite adverbs (adverbs in -?? and -??????) [395] | |
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The negative adverbs ????�, ?????�, ?????�??, ??????�, ???�?, ????�???? [396] | |
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The negative adverbs ?�???, ?�????, ?�?????, ?�??????, ?�????? [397] | |
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Comparative adverbs [398] | |
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The superlative adverb [400] | |
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The Preposition | |
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The prepositions ?/??/??? [402] | |
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The mobile vowel -? [404] | |
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Spatial Prepositions | |
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? and ?? + prepositional/accusative, ??/? + genitive [408] | |
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The use of ? and ?? with geographical terminology and the names of organizations, buildings and parts of buildings [409] | |
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Nouns which may be used with ? and ??, but with different meanings [410] | |
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Accusative of destination and genitive of withdrawal [411] | |
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Uses of ?? when the dependent noun denotes an activity, event [412] | |
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? and ??: extension of the spatial meanings [413] | |
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Prepositions that Denote the Position of an Object in Relation to Another Object | |
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?a + instrumental/accusative, ??-?? + genitive [414] | |
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????? + instrumental, ??????D + genitive [416] | |
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??? + instrumental/accusative, ??-??? + genitive [417] | |
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??? + instrumental, ???�?? + genitive [418] | |
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Prepositions that Denote Spatial Closeness to an Object, Movement Towards or Away from an Object | |
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? + genitive, ? + dative, ?? + genitive [420] | |
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Prepositions that Denote Along, Across, Through a Spatial Area | |
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?? + dative; ?????, ???�?? + accusative; ???????, ??�?? + genitive [424] | |
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Temporal Prepositions | |
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Telling the time [426] | |
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Days [427] | |
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Parts of a day [428] | |
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Weeks, months, years and centuries [429] | |
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?? ??�??, ? ???�??? [430] | |
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The Use of Prepositions to Denote Action in Relation to Various Time Limits | |
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The use of ? + genitive, ?? + genitive to denote terminal points in time [434] | |
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Use of ? + dative and ??? + accusative to denote temporal approach [435] | |
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Use of ?/?? + accusative to denote the time taken to complete an action. Use of ? + accusative to denote the period during which an action occurs a stated number of times [436-7] | |
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Use of prepositions to denote sequence in time (before, after etc.) [439] | |