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Preface | |
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The Essence of Anthropology | |
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The Anthropological Perspective | |
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Anthropology and Its Fields | |
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Cultural Anthropology | |
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Linguistic Anthropology | |
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Archaeology | |
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Physical Anthropology | |
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Anthropology, Science, and the Humanities | |
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Fieldwork | |
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Field Methods | |
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Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods | |
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Ethnographic Methods | |
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Anthropology's Comparative Method | |
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Questions of Ethics | |
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Anthropology and Globalization | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Picturing Pesticides | |
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Anthropology Applied: Forensic Anthropology: Voices for the Dead, by Clyde C. Snow. Karen Burns, Amy Zelson Mundorff, and Michael Blakey | |
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Original Study: Whispers from the Ice, by Sherry Simpson | |
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Biology and Evolution | |
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Evolution and Creation Stories | |
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The Classification of Living Things | |
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The Discovery of Evolution | |
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Heredity | |
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The Transmission of Genes | |
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Genes and Alleles | |
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Cell Division | |
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Polygenetic Inheritance | |
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Evolution, Individuals, and Populations | |
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Mutation | |
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Genetic Drift | |
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Gene Flow | |
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Natural Selection | |
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The Case of Sickle-Cell Anemia | |
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Adaptation and Physical Variation | |
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Macroevolution and the Process of Speciation | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: The Social Impact of Genetics on Reproduction | |
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Original Study: Ninety-Eight Percent Alike: What Our Similarity to Apes Tells Us about Our Understanding of Genetics, by Jonathan Marks | |
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Living Primates | |
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Methods and Ethics in Primatology | |
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Primates as Mammals | |
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Primate Characteristics | |
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Primate Teeth | |
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Sensory Organs | |
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The Primate Brain | |
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The Primate Skeleton | |
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Living Primates | |
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Lemurs and Lorises | |
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Tarsiers | |
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Anthropoids: Monkeys and Apes | |
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Small and Great Apes | |
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Primate Behavior | |
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Chimpanzee and Bonobo Behavior | |
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Concealed Ovulation | |
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Reproduction and Care of Young | |
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Communication | |
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Use of Objects as Tools | |
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The Question of Culture | |
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Primate Behavior and Human Evolution | |
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Primate Conservation | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Why Red Is Such a Potent Color, by Meredith F. Small | |
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Original Study: Reconciliation and Its Cultural Modification in Primates, by Frans B. M. de Waal | |
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Human Evolution | |
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Mammalian Primate Evolution | |
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Human Evolution | |
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The First Bipeds | |
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Ardipithecus ramidus | |
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The Anatomy of Bipedalism | |
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Australopithecines | |
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Homo habilis | |
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Interpreting the Fossil Record | |
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Tools, Food, and Brain Expansion | |
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Homo erectus | |
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Lumpers or Splitters | |
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The Neandertals | |
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The Upper Paleolithic | |
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The Modern Human Origins Debate | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Evolution and Human Birth | |
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Anthropology Applied: Stone Tools for Modern Surgeons | |
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The Neolithic Revolution | |
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The Mesolithic Roots of Farming and Pastoralism | |
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The Neolithic Revolution | |
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What Is Domestication? | |
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Evidence of Early Plant Domestication | |
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Evidence of Early Animal Domestication | |
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Why Humans Became Food Producers | |
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The Fertile Crescent | |
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Other Centers of Domestication | |
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Food Production and Population Size | |
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The Spread of Food Production | |
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The Culture of Neolithic Settlements | |
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Jericho: An Early Farming Community | |
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Neolithic Material Culture | |
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Social Structure | |
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Neolithic Cultures in the Americas | |
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The Neolithic and Human Biology | |
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The Neolithic and the Idea of Progress | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Original Study: The Real Dirt on Rainforest Fertility, by Charles C. Mann | |
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Biocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Neolithic and Beyond | |
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The Emergence of Cities and States | |
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Defining Civilization | |
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Tikal: A Case Study | |
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Surveying and Excavating the Site | |
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Evidence from the Excavation | |
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Cities and Cultural Change | |
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Agricultural Innovation | |
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Diversification of Labor | |
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Central Government | |
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Social Stratification | |
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The Making of States | |
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Ecological Theories | |
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Action Theory | |
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Civilization and Its Discontents | |
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Social Stratification and Disease | |
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Colonialism and Disease | |
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Anthropology and Cities of the Future | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Anthropology Applied: Tell It to the Marines: Teaching Troops about Cultural Heritage, by Jane C. Waldbaum | |
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Biocultural Connection: Perilous Pigs: The Introduction of Swine-Borne Disease to the Americas, by Charles C. Mann | |
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Modern Human Diversity-Race and Racism | |
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The History of Human Classification | |
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Race as a Biological Concept | |
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The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race | |
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The Social Significance of Race: Racism | |
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Race and Behavior | |
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Race and Intelligence | |
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Studying Human Biological Diversity | |
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Skin Color: A Case Study in Adaptation | |
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Culture and Biological Diversity | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Original Study: A Feckless Quest for the Basketball Gene, by Jonathan Marks | |
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Biocultural Connection: Beans, Enzymes, and Adaptation to Malaria | |
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The Characteristics of Culture | |
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Culture and Adaptation | |
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The Concept of Culture | |
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Characteristics of Culture | |
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Culture Is Learned | |
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Culture Is Shared | |
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Culture Is Based on Symbols | |
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Culture Is Integrated | |
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Culture Is Dynamic | |
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Culture and Change | |
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Culture, Society, and the Individual | |
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Ethnocentrism and the Evaluation of Culture | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Pig Lovers and Pig Haters, by Marvin Harris | |
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Anthropology Applied: New Houses for Apache Indians, by George S. Esber | |
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Language and Communication | |
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Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language | |
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Descriptive Linguistics | |
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Phonology | |
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Morphology, Syntax, and Grammar | |
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Historical Linguistics | |
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Processes of Linguistic Divergence | |
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Language Loss and Revival | |
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Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings | |
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Sociolinguistics | |
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Ethnolinguistics | |
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Language Versatility | |
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Beyond Words: The Gesture-Call System | |
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Nonverbal Communication | |
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Paralanguage | |
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Tonal Languages | |
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Telecommunication: Talking Drums and Whistled Speech | |
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The Origins of Language | |
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From Speech to Writing | |
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Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Anthropology Applied: When Bambi Spoke Arapaho: Preserving Indigenous Languages, by S. Neyooxet Greymorning | |
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Biocultural Connection: The Biology of Human Speech | |
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Social Identity, Personality, and Gender | |
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Enculturation: The Self and Social Identity | |
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Self-Awareness | |
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Social Identity Through Personal Naming | |
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Self and the Behavioral Environment | |
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Culture and Personality | |
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Personality Development: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Gender | |
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Group Personality | |
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Modal Personality | |
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National Character | |
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Core Values | |
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Alternative Gender Models | |
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Normal and Abnormal Personality in Social Context | |
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Sadhus: Holy Men in Hindu Cultures | |
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Mental Disorders Across Time and Cultures | |
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Personal Identity and Mental Health in Globalizing Society | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Original Study: The Blessed Curse, by R. K. Williamson | |
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Biocultural Connection: Down Syndrome Across Cultures, by Katherine A. Detrwyler | |
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Subsistence and Exchange | |
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Adaptation | |
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The Unit of Adaptation | |
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Adaptation in Cultural Evolution | |
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Modes of Subsistence | |
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Food-Foraging Societies | |
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Characteristics of Food-Foraging Societies | |
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Food-Producing Societies | |
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Producing Food in Gardens: Horticulture | |
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Producing Food on Farms: Agriculture | |
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Mixed Farming: Crop Growing and Animal Breeding | |
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Herding Grazing Animals: Pastoralism | |
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Inten Agriculture: Urbanization and Peasantry | |
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Industrial Food Production | |
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Subsistence and Economics | |
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Land and Water Resources | |
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Technology Resources | |
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Labor Resources and Patterns | |
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Distribution and Exchange | |
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Reciprocity | |
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Redistribution | |
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Market Exchange and the Marketplace | |
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Local Economies and Global Capitalism | |
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Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Surviving in the Andes: Aymara Adaptation to High Altitude | |
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Anthropology Applied: Anthropologist S. Ann Dunham: Mother to a U.S. President, by Nancy I. Cooper | |
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Sex, Marriage, and Family | |
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Control of Sexual Relations, | |
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Marriage and the Regulation of Sexual Relations | |
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Incest Taboo | |
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Endogamy and Exogamy | |
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Distinction Between Marriage and Mating | |
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Forms of Marriage | |
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Monogamy | |
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Polygamy | |
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Group Marriage | |
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Choice of Spouse | |
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Cousin Marriage | |
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Same-Sex Marriage | |
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Marriage and Economic Exchange | |
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Divorce | |
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Family and Household | |
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Forms of the Family | |
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Nontraditional Families and Nonfamily Households | |
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Residence Patterns | |
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Marriage, Family, and Household in Our Globalized and Technologized World | |
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Adoption and New Reproductive Technologies | |
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Migrant Workforces | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Marriage Prohibitions in the United States, by Martin Ottenheimer | |
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Original Study: Arranging Marriage in India, by Serena Nanda | |
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Kinship and Other Forms of Grouping | |
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Descent Groups | |
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Unilineal Descent | |
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Other Forms of Descent | |
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Descent Within the Larger Cultural System | |
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Lineage Exogamy | |
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From Lineage to Clan | |
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Phratries and Moieties | |
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Bilateral Kinship and the Kindred | |
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Kinship Terminology and Kinship Groups | |
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The Eskimo System | |
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The Hawaiian System | |
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The Iroquois System | |
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Kinship Terms and New Reproductive Technologies | |
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Grouping Beyond Kinship | |
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Grouping by Gender | |
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Grouping by Age | |
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Grouping by Common Interest | |
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Grouping by Social Status in Stratified Societies | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Maori Origins: Ancestral Genes and Mythical Canoes | |
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Original Study: African Burial Ground Project, by Michael Blakey | |
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Politics, Power, and Violence | |
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Systems of Political Organization | |
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Uncentralized Political Systems | |
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Centralized Political Systems | |
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Political Systems and the Question of Legitimacy | |
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Politics and Religion | |
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Political Leadership and Gender | |
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Political Organization and the Maintenance of Order | |
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Internalized Controls | |
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Externalized Controls | |
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Social Control Through Law | |
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Functions of Law | |
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Punishing Crimes and Settling Disputes | |
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Restorative Justice and Conflict Resolution | |
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Violent Conflict and Warfare | |
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Why War? | |
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Wars Today | |
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Domination and Repression | |
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Acculturation | |
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Ethnocide | |
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Genocide | |
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Resistance to Domination and Repression | |
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Violent Resistance: Rebellion and Revolution | |
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Nonviolent Resistance: Revitalization Movements | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Anthropology Applied: William Ury: Dispute Resolution and the Anthropologist | |
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Biocultural Connection: Gender, Sex, and Human Violence | |
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Spirituality and Religion | |
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The Role of Spirituality and Religion | |
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The Anthropological Approach to Religion | |
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Myth | |
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Supernatural Beings and Spiritual Forces | |
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Gods and Goddesses | |
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Ancestral Spirits | |
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Other Types of Supernatural Beings and Spiritual Forces | |
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Sacred Places | |
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Religious Specialists | |
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Priests and Priestesses | |
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Shamans | |
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Sacred Performances: Rituals and Ceremonies | |
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Rites of Passage | |
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Rites of Intensification | |
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Magic | |
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Witchcraft | |
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Ibibio Witchcraft | |
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Functions of Witchcraft | |
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Consequences of Witchcraft | |
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Religion in Cultural Change: Revitalization Movements | |
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Persistence of Spirituality and Religion | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection; Change Your Karma and Change Your Sex? by Hillary Crane | |
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Original Study: Healing among the Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari, by Marjorie Shostak | |
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Global Changes and the Role of Anthropology | |
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Modernization in the Age of Globalization | |
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A Global Culture? | |
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Doubts about a Global Cultural Unification | |
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Pluralistic Societies and Multiculturalism | |
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Pluralistic Societies and Ethnocentrism | |
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Structural Power in the Age of Globalization | |
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Military Hard Power | |
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Economic Hard Power | |
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Soft Power: A Global Media Environment | |
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Problems of Structural Violence | |
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Overpopulation and Poverty | |
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Hunger and Obesity | |
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Pollution and Global Warming | |
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Reactions to Globalization | |
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Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Struggles for Human Rights | |
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Global Migrations: Refugees, Migrants, and Diasporic Communities | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Chapter Checklist | |
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Questions for Reflection | |
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Key Terms | |
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Online Study Resources | |
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Biocultural Connection: Toxic Breast Milk Threatens Arctic Culture | |
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Anthropology Applied: Paul Farmer: Anthropology and Local Health Care Worldwide | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |