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Preface | |
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Gender and culture in psychology: a prologue | |
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The roots of the new psychological scholarship on gender and culture | |
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Gender and culture in psychology: three kinds of issues | |
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Aims of the book | |
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A road map for reading | |
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Categories and social categorization | |
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Sex categories and gender categories | |
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Ethnic groups, "races," and racialization | |
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From ethnicity to racialization: the invidious uses of "nice" words | |
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Social class | |
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Sexuality and sexualities | |
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Heteronormativity | |
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Wlio defines heterosexual sexuality? | |
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Intersectionality: the interrelationship of social categories | |
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Laying the foundation | |
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Culture and human psychology | |
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Defining culture | |
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People as meaning-makers | |
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Ordinariness, deviations, and narrative | |
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Cultural psychology | |
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Who holds the power over meanings? | |
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Dimensions of power | |
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Power and knowledge | |
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Knowledge as social artifact | |
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Constructionism in psychology | |
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Making language an object of study | |
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The historical and cultural specificity of knowledge | |
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Theories of gender in psychology: an overview | |
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Setting the stage | |
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The power of situations | |
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Toward a cultural psychology of gender | |
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Femininity and masculinity | |
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Gendered identities: mastery, appropriation, and change | |
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Power, gender, and psychology | |
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Asymmetries, differences, and thinking from the outside | |
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Thinking intersectionally about psychological gender and identity | |
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Language and gender | |
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A turn to interpretation | |
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What does "interpretation" mean in research? | |
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The history of interpretative research | |
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Meaning-making always takes place in a social context | |
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Individual meaning-making is always situated in cultural systems | |
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Researchers' knowledge is always perspectival | |
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A focus on reasons and interpretations | |
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Where and how do interpretative researchers look for knowledge? | |
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Doing interpretative psychological research | |
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The landscape of interpretative research | |
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Interviews and interviewing in interpretative research | |
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Narratives, rich talk, and interview guides | |
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Creating a good interview situation | |
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How to ask questions in interviews | |
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Historical truth and narrative truth in interviews | |
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Refining the questions and topics as you go | |
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The participants in interpretative research | |
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The grounds for selecting participants | |
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Selecting and engaging participants | |
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Listening, reading, and analyzing | |
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Analyses, rereading, and searching for patterns | |
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The ethics of interpretative research | |
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Reflexivity in research | |
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Personal reflexivity | |
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Methodological, procedural, and epistemological reflexivity | |
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Reflexivity in interaction | |
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Trustworthiness and generalizability in interpretative projects | |
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Generalizing beyond a research project | |
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Discursive approaches to studying gender and culture | |
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Discourse and discourses in psychology | |
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Discourse and psychology | |
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Discourses and psychology | |
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What is discursive psychology? | |
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Thinking and talking | |
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Critical discursive psychology | |
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Feminism, discursive psychology, and sex differences | |
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Language, action orientation, and meaning | |
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Personal order and the "stickiness of identity" | |
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Doing discursive research: some analytical tools | |
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Ideological dilemmas | |
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Interpretative repertoires | |
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Subject positions | |
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Subjectification, self-regulation, and productive power | |
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Identity practices: constructing one's individual psychology | |
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Accountability management | |
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From theories and methods to research illustrations | |
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Gender and culture in children's identity development | |
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Thinking about children's development in gendered and culture-specific contexts | |
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Girls making themselves into teenagers in multiethnic Oslo | |
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From little girl to teenager: heterosexuality as normative development | |
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Framed by heteronormativity | |
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"Popular girls" | |
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"Ordinary girls" | |
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The invisible dominant heteronormativity and ethnification | |
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The later teenage years: bodily practices and normative heterosexuality | |
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Making oneself into a "bigger" boy or a young man | |
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Finally: young women, young men, and heterosexuality | |
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Identity and inequality in heterosexual couples | |
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Heterosexual family life and individual identity projects | |
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Studying couples' narratives about equality and everyday life | |
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Themes of equality and inequality in Nordic couples' talk | |
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Parenthood, fatherhood, and motherhood | |
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Internal limits and boundaries in modern heterosexual couples | |
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The different meanings of gender | |
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Taking stock: what can interpretative research tell us about identity and power in heterosexual couples? | |
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Coercion, violence, and consent in heterosexual encounters | |
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From technologies of heterosexual coercion to the cultural scaffolding of rape | |
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Studying technologies of heterosexual coercion and their psychological effects | |
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The tyranny of "normal" heterosexuality | |
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Is it possible to say no? | |
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What happens if the woman refuses? | |
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Men as "needing" sex and women as nurturant - or pragmatic? | |
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Discourses of male (hetero) sexuality and the cultural scaffolding of rape | |
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From cultural scaffolding to individual psychology | |
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The sexual revolution and modern women's heterosexuality | |
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From complementary heterosexuality to complementary femininity and masculinity | |
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Conclusions from interpretative research about heterosexual coercion | |
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Women's eating problems and the cultural meanings of body size | |
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Eating problems: setting the stage | |
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Feminist approaches to women's eating problems | |
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Interpretative research on eating problems: some examples | |
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Probing the relational context of white women's eating problems | |
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Looking beyond white, middle-class women | |
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"Body aesthetics" or "body ethics"? | |
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Stepping back: what can interpretative research uncover about women's body projects? | |
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Psychological suffering in social and cultural context | |
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Psychiatric diagnosis | |
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Diagnostic category systems | |
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The power of social and cultural contexts | |
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Taking the long view | |
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Conclusion | |
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Feminism and gender in psychotherapy | |
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Feminist protests against psychotherapy and psychiatry | |
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Feminists as theorists and practitioners of psychotherapy | |
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Gender, power, and ethics in psychotherapeutic relations | |
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Power on the inside | |
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Shifting the role of the therapist | |
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The outside of therapy: an ethics of resistance | |
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Discourses in the mirrored room: productive power in therapy | |
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Conclusion | |
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Comparing women and men: a retrospective on sex-difference research | |
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"Differences" in the history of gender in psychology | |
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Early evolutionary theory | |
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The early women's movement | |
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Early psychology and difference thinking | |
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Contemporary psychological research on differences between women and men | |
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Are there psychological differences between women and men, and boys and girls? | |
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Results of research on psychological differences between women and men | |
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Cognitive sex differences or similarities: the case of science and mathematics | |
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Critical opinions of sex-difference research | |
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Falsely inflated claims of difference incur serious costs to both individuals and society | |
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Other difference-producing mechanisms are confounded with sex category | |
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Focusing on individual differences draws attention away from group inequalities | |
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A finding of a male-female difference has no meaning in and of itself | |
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The risk of disregarding variations among women and variations among men | |
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Biological explanations and scientific reductionism | |
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Psychology's place in society, and society's place in psychology | |
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Disciplinary reflexivity | |
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Scrutinizing one's own discipline | |
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Feminist disciplinary reflexivity close-up | |
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Being a critical psychologist: psychology and social justice issues | |
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The future of gender and culture in psychology | |
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References | |
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Index | |