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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Introductory Concepts | |
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Definitions and Context | |
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Chronological Age and Age Groups | |
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Why Study These Phenomena? | |
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Types of Studies | |
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Principles of Measurement and Observation | |
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Overview of Postnatal Growth: Scammon's Curves | |
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General Regulation of Growth and Maturation | |
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Sources of Growth, Performance, and Activity Data | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Prenatal Growth and Functional Development | |
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Stages of Prenatal Growth | |
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Sex Differentiation | |
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Twins and Twinning | |
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Prenatal Loss | |
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Congenital Malformations | |
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Fetal Growth | |
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Fetal Motor Activity | |
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Factors That Affect Birth Weight | |
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Overview of the Prenatal Period | |
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Fetal Origins of Adult Diseases | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Postnatal Growth | |
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Somatic Growth | |
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Measurements Commonly Used in Growth Studies | |
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Growth in Stature and Body Weight | |
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Growth of the Body Mass Index | |
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Growth Patterns in Other Body Dimensions | |
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Changes in Body Proportions | |
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Adjusting for Variation in Body Size-Scaling | |
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Tracking | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Development of Physique | |
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Concept of Somatotype | |
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Methods in the Assessment of Physique | |
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Somatotyping Children and Adolescents | |
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Examples of Somatotypes of Individuals During Growth | |
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Distributions of Somatotypes | |
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Change in Somatotype During Growth | |
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Tracking | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Body Composition | |
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Models of Body Composition | |
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Methods for Estimating Body Composition | |
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Applications to Children and Adolescents | |
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Concept of Chemical Maturity | |
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Composition of the Fat-Free Mass in Children and Adolescents | |
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Changes in Body Density and Total-Body Water During Growth | |
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Growth in Fat-Free Mass, Fat Mass, and Percent Fat | |
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Tracking | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Bone Tissue in Skeletal Growth and Body Composition | |
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Bone Cells | |
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Bone Formation | |
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Growth of a Long Bone | |
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Bone As a Component of Body Composition | |
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Tracking | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue | |
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Muscle As a Tissue | |
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Myogenesis | |
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Muscle Fiber Types | |
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Muscle Fiber Size | |
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Contractile Properties of Muscle | |
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Metabolic Properties of Muscle | |
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Assessing Muscle Mass of the Body | |
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Development of Muscle Tissue by Bodily Region | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Adipose Tissue | |
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The Fat Cell As a Complex Structure | |
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Stages and Mechanisms of Adipogenesis | |
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White and Brown Adipose Cells | |
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White Adipose Tissue in Prenatal Life | |
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White Adipose Tissue in Postnatal Life | |
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Subcutaneous Fat Distribution During Growth | |
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Abdominal Visceral Fat During Growth | |
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Stability of Body Fat During Growth | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Functional Development | |
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Heart, Blood, and Lungs | |
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Features of Fetal Circulation | |
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Cardiopulmonary Adjustments at Birth | |
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Changes in Heart Size | |
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Changes in Heart Functions | |
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Changes in Features of Blood During Growth | |
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Changes in Lungs and Respiratory Functions During Growth | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Motor Development | |
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What Is Motor Development? | |
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Motor Pattern and Skill | |
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Classifications of Motor Activities | |
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The Newborn Infant and the Reflexes of Infancy | |
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Motor Development -Birth to 2 Years of Age | |
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Development of Independent Walking | |
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Development of Fundamental Motor Skills | |
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Early Motor Development and Growth of the Brain | |
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Status at Birth and Subsequent Motor Development | |
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Early Postnatal Growth and Motor Development | |
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Overview of Motor Development | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Strength and Motor Performance | |
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Physical Fitness | |
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Measures of Strength and Motor Performance | |
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Performance in Early Childhood | |
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Performance in Middle Childhood and Adolescence | |
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Relationships of Strength and Motor Performance to Size, Physique, and Body Composition | |
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Scaling of Strength and Motor Performance | |
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Tracking | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Aerobic Performance | |
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Measurement Issues | |
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Growth-Related Adaptations in Aerobic Performance | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Anaerobic Performance | |
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Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Energy Turnover | |
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Determinants of Anaerobic Performance | |
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Measurement Issues | |
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Growth and the Determinants of Anaerobic Performance | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Thermoregulation During Growth | |
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The Physics of Heat Transfer | |
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Physiologic Means of Thermoregulation | |
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Responses to Heat Associated With Growth and Maturation | |
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Acclimatization and Acclimation | |
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Responses to Cold Climates | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Biological Maturation | |
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Biological Maturation: Concepts and Assessment | |
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Assessing Skeletal Maturity | |
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Assessing Sexual Maturity | |
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Assessing Somatic Maturity | |
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Assessing Dental Maturity | |
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Interrelationships Among Maturity Indicators | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Timing and Sequence of Changes During Adolescence | |
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Adolescent Growth Spurt | |
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Sexual Maturity | |
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Sequence of Sexual and Somatic Maturity | |
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Growth Spurts in Other Dimensions | |
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Body Dimensions and Composition Relative to Peak Height Velocity | |
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Growth Spurts in Performance | |
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Performance Relative to Menarche | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in Growth and Performance | |
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Classifying Children by Maturity Status | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Size | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in Physique | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Composition | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in Adipose Tissue Distribution | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in Strength and Motor Performance | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in the Adaptation to Exercise and VO2max | |
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Maturity-Associated Variation in Anaerobic Performance | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Influencing Factors | |
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Genetic Regulation of Growth, Maturation, and Performance | |
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The Human Genome | |
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The Human Gene | |
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From Genes to Proteins to Phenotypes | |
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Gene Expression | |
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The Special Case of Mitochondrial DNA | |
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Genetic Variation in Human Genes | |
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The Multifactorial Phenotype | |
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Genetics of Fetal Development | |
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Genetic Influences on the Newborn | |
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Genetics of Selected Growth Phenotypes | |
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Genetics of Maturation | |
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Genetics of Selected Performance Phenotypes | |
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Examples of Growth-Related Genes | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Maturation | |
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Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, and Intracrine Systems | |
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Endocrine Hormones | |
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Other Growth-Promoting Factors and Hormones | |
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Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones | |
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Growth Hormone and Related Growth Factors | |
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Thyroid Hormones | |
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Parathyroid and Calcitonin Hormones | |
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Hormones From the Adrenal Medulla and Cortex | |
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Gonadal Glands and Hormones | |
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Insulin and Glucagon | |
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Leptin | |
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Regulation of Puberty | |
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Menstrual Cycle | |
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Overview of Hormones and Their Actions | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Energy and Nutritional Requirements | |
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Nutrients | |
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Breast-Feeding and the Infant | |
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Energy Needs | |
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Energy Requirements for Growth | |
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Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Energy Intake | |
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DRI for Protein Intake | |
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DRI for Lipid Intake | |
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Carbohydrate Requirements | |
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Vitamin Requirements | |
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Mineral Requirements | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure: Assessment, Trends, and Tracking | |
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What Is Physical Activity? | |
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What Is Energy Expenditure? | |
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Methods of Assessing Patterns or Levels of Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure | |
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Developmental Trends in Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure | |
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Tracking of Physical Activity Levels | |
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Correlates of Physical Activity Levels in Childhood and Adolescence | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Physical Activity As a Factor in Growth, Maturation, and Performance | |
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Physical Activity | |
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Approaches to the Study of Physical Activity | |
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Activity and Stature | |
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Activity, Body Weight, and Body Composition | |
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Activity and Physique | |
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Activity and Specific Tissues | |
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Activity and Biological Maturity | |
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Overview of Activity, Growth, and Maturation | |
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Activity, Fitness, and Performance | |
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The Concept of Trainability | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Undernutrition in Childhood and Adolescence | |
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Criteria | |
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Prevalence | |
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Forms of Undernutrition | |
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Undernutrition in Preschool Children | |
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Undernutrition in School-Age Children | |
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Long-Term Consequences of Undernutrition | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence | |
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Indicators | |
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Criteria and Prevalence | |
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Correlates of Overweight and Obesity | |
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Consequences of Obesity for Children and Adolescents | |
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Long-Term Consequences of Obesity | |
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Treatment | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Other Factors Affecting Growth, Maturation, Performance, and Activity | |
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Social Conditions, Growth, and Maturation | |
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Social Conditions, Motor Development, Performance, and Activity | |
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Ethnic Variation in Growth and Maturity | |
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Ethnic Variation in Motor Development, Performance, and Activity | |
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Climate, Growth, and Maturity | |
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Climate, Performance, and Physical Activity | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Applications | |
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Risk Factors During Growth and Adult Health | |
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Primary and Secondary Prevention | |
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Risk Factors for Common Metabolic Diseases | |
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Current Risk Profile of Children and Adolescents | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Chronic Clinical Conditions and Physical Disabilities | |
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Selected Clinical Conditions That Affect Growth and Maturation | |
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Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions | |
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Fitness and Performance of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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The Young Athlete | |
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Participation in Youth Sports | |
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Selection and Exclusion in Sport | |
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Who Is the Young Athlete? | |
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Stature and Weight of Young Athletes | |
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Maturity Status and Progress of Young Athletes | |
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Age at Menarche in Athletes | |
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Physique of Young Athletes | |
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Body Composition of Young Athletes | |
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Motor Performance Characteristics of Young Athletes | |
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Physiological Characteristics of Young Athletes | |
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Does Training for Sport Influence the Growth and Maturity of Young Athletes? | |
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Gymnastics and Ballet: Special Cases? | |
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Overview | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Secular Trends in Growth, Maturation, and Performance | |
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Definitions | |
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Sources of Secular Trend Data | |
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Limitations and Assumptions in Secular Comparisons | |
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Secular Trends in Body Size | |
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Secular Trends in Body Proportions | |
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Secular Trends in Indicators of Maturity | |
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Secular Trends in Performance | |
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Secular Trends in Developing Countries | |
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Factors Underlying Secular Trends | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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Suggestions for Individual and Group Activities | |
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Index | |
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About the Authors | |