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Introduction | |
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Principles of Signaling and Organization | |
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Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits | |
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Organization of the Retina | |
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Signaling in Nerve Cells | |
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Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons | |
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Signals for Development of the Nervous System | |
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Regeneration of the Nervous System after Injury | |
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Signaling in the Nervous System | |
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Ion Channels and Signaling | |
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Properties of Ion Channels | |
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Measurement of Single-Channel Currents | |
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Measuring Channel Conductance | |
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Structure of Ion Channels | |
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The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor | |
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A Receptor Superfamily | |
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Voltage-Activated Channels | |
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Other Channels | |
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Diversity of Subunits | |
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Conclusion | |
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Cloning Receptors and Channels | |
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Classification of Amino Acids | |
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Expression of Receptors and Channels in Xenopus Oocytes | |
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Transport Across Cell Membranes | |
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The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump | |
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Calcium Pumps | |
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Sodium-Calcium Exchange | |
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Chloride Transport | |
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Transport of Neurotransmitters | |
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Molecular Structure of Transporters | |
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Significance of Transport Mechanisms | |
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Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential | |
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A Model Cell | |
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Membrane Potentials in Squid Axons | |
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Changes in Membrane Potential | |
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Ionic Basis of the Action Potential | |
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Sodium and Potassium Currents | |
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Voltage Clamp Experiments | |
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Gating Currents | |
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The Role of Calcium in Excitation | |
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The Voltage Clamp | |
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Neurons as Conductors of Electricity | |
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Passive Electrical Properties of Nerve and Muscle Membranes | |
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Propagation of Action Potentials | |
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Conduction in Dendrites | |
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Pathways for Current Flow between Cells | |
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Electrotonic Potentials and the Membrane Time Constant | |
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Classification of Nerve Fibers in Vertebrates | |
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Stimulating and Recording with External Electrodes | |
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Current Flow between Cells | |
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Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells | |
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Physiological Properties of Neuroglial Cell Membranes | |
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Functions of Neuroglial Cells | |
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Effects of Neuronal Activity on Glial Cells | |
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Glial Cells and the Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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Glial Cells and Immune Responses of the CNS | |
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The Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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Principles of Direct Synaptic Transmission | |
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Nerve Cells and Synaptic Connections | |
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Electrical Synaptic Transmission | |
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Chemical Synaptic Transmission | |
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Electrical Model of the Motor End Plate | |
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Direct Synaptic Inhibition | |
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Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission | |
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Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins | |
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Direct Modulation of Channel Function by G Proteins | |
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G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second Messenger Systems | |
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Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger | |
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Prolonged Time Course of Indirect Transmitter Action | |
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Identifying Responses Mediated by G Proteins | |
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Cyclic AMP as a Second Messenger | |
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Diacylglycerol and IP[subscript 3] as Second Messengers | |
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Formation and Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid | |
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Transmitter Release | |
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Characteristics of Transmitter Release | |
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Quantal Release | |
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Vesicle Hypothesis of Transmitter Release | |
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Synaptic Plasticity | |
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Short-Term Changes in Signaling | |
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Long-Term Changes in Signaling | |
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Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry of Synaptic Transmission | |
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Neurotransmitters | |
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Neurotransmitter Synthesis | |
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Storage of Transmitters in Synaptic Vesicles | |
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Axonal Transport | |
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Transmitter Release and Vesicle Recycling | |
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Transmitter Receptor Localization | |
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Removal of Transmitters from the Synaptic Cleft | |
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The SNARE Hypothesis | |
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Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System | |
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Mapping Transmitter Distribution | |
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Peptide Transmitters in the CNS | |
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Regulation of Central Nervous System Function by Biogenic Amines | |
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Molecular Methods and CNS transmitters | |
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Integrative Mechanisms | |
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Cellular Mechanisms of Integration and Behavior in Leeches, Ants, and Bees | |
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From Neurons to Behavior and Vice Versa | |
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Navigation by Ants and Bees | |
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Why Should One Work on Invertebrate Nervous Systems? | |
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Autonomic Nervous System | |
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Functions under Involuntary Control | |
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Synaptic Transmission by Postganglionic Axons | |
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The Path to Understanding Sympathetic Mechanisms | |
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Transduction of Mechanical and Chemical Stimuli | |
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Stimulus Coding by Mechanoreceptors | |
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Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli | |
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Olfaction | |
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Mechanisms of Taste (Gustation) | |
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Transduction of Nociceptive and Thermal Stimuli | |
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Sensory Epithelia of the Inner Ear | |
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Processing of Somatosensory and Auditory Signals | |
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The Somatosensory System: Tactile Recognition | |
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The Auditory System: Encoding Sound Frequency | |
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Brodmann's Areas | |
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Transduction and Signaling in the Retina | |
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The Eye | |
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The Retina | |
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Visual Pigments | |
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Transduction by Photoreceptors | |
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Transmission from Photoreceptors to Bipolar Cells | |
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Receptive Fields of Ganglion Cells | |
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Adaptation of Photoreceptors | |
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Signaling in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and the Primary Visual Cortex | |
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The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | |
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Cytoarchitecture of the Cortex | |
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Strategies for Exploring the Cortex | |
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Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex | |
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Ocular Dominance Slabs and Orientation Columns | |
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Parallel Processing of Form, Motion, and Color | |
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The Integration of Visual Information | |
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Where Do We Go from Here? | |
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Color Constancy | |
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Corpus Callosum | |
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Cellular Mechanisms of Motor Control | |
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The Motor Unit | |
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Spinal Reflexes | |
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Generation of Coordinated Movement | |
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The Organization of Motor Pathways | |
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Motor Cortex and the Execution of Voluntary Movement | |
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The Cerebellum | |
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The Basal Ganglia | |
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Extracellular Recording of Motor Activity | |
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Development of the Nervous System | |
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Development of the Nervous System | |
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Early Neural Morphogenesis | |
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Regional Specification of Neural Tissue | |
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Determination of Neuronal and Glial Cell Identity | |
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Axon Outgrowth | |
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Axon Guidance | |
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Target Innervation | |
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Synapse Formation | |
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Growth Factors and Survival of Neurons | |
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Competitive Interactions during Development | |
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General Considerations of Neural Specificity | |
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Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor | |
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Denervation and Regeneration of Synaptic Connections | |
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Changes in Axotomized Neurons and the Surrounding Glial Cells | |
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Effects of Denervation on Postsynaptic Cells | |
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Regeneration in the Vertebrate Peripheral Nervous System | |
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Role of Basal Lamina at Regenerating Neuromuscular Synapses | |
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Regeneration in the Mammalian CNS | |
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Critical Periods in Visual and Auditory Systems | |
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The Visual System in Newly Born Monkeys and Kittens | |
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Effects of Abnormal Experience in Early Life | |
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Requirements for Maintenance of Functioning Connections in the Visual System | |
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Deprivation Changes | |
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Critical Periods in the Auditory System | |
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Critical Periods for Higher Functions | |
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Conclusion | |
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Open Questions | |
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Current Flow in Electrical Circuits | |
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Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis and Inactivation of Low-Molecular-Weight Transmitters | |
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Structures and Pathways of the Brain | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |