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The Development of Archaeological Chemistry | |
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Introduction | |
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Early Investigations | |
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The Growth of Scientific Archaeology in the 20th Century | |
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Current Status and Scope of Archaeological Chemistry | |
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The Structure of this Volume | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Analytical Techniques Applied to Archaeology | |
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Introduction | |
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The Structure of the Atom, the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Analytical Spectroscopy | |
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Techniques Based on Optical Wavelengths | |
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Optical Emission Spectroscopy | |
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Atomic Absorption Spectrometry | |
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry | |
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Techniques Using X-Rays | |
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X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry | |
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Analytical Electron Microscopy | |
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Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission | |
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Neutron Activation Analysis | |
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Mass Spectrometric Techniques | |
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Chromatographic Techniques | |
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Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy | |
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Other Techniques | |
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References | |
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Obsidian Characterization in the Eastern Mediterranean | |
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Introduction | |
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Origin and Formation of Obsidian | |
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Sources of Obsidian in the Eastern Mediterranean and Neighbouring Regions | |
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Review of Analytical Work | |
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Archaeological Implications | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The Geochemistry of Clays and the Provenance of Ceramics | |
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Introduction | |
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The Structure of Clay Minerals | |
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The Firing of Clays and the Mineralogical Composition of Ceramics | |
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Trace Element Geochemistry in Clays | |
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The Provenance of Archaeological Ceramics: Roman Finewares | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The Chemistry, Corrosion and Provenance of Archaeological Glass | |
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Introduction | |
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The Structure and Chemistry of Archaeological Glass | |
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The Colour of Glass | |
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The Decay of Medieval Window Glass | |
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The Corrosion of Buried Glass | |
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Radiogenic Isotopes and the Provenance of Glass | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The Chemical Study of Metals - the Medieval and Later Brass Industry in Europe | |
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Introduction | |
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The Production Methods of Brass in Antiquity | |
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The Early History of Brass and Zinc | |
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The Medieval and Later European Brass Industry | |
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The Chemical Analysis of Metal Objects | |
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The Chemical Study of European Brass Tokens and Coins | |
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The Analysis of European Brass Scientific Instruments | |
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The Analytical Authentication of Brass Instruments | |
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European Copper and Brass in North America | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The Chemistry and Use of Resinous Substances | |
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Introduction | |
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Resins: Definition and Uses | |
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Chemistry of Resins | |
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Monoterpenoids and Sesquiterpenoids | |
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Diterpenoids | |
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Triterpenoids | |
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Analysis of Resins in Archaeological Contexts | |
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Neolithic Tar | |
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The Chemistry of Birch Bark and Birch Bark Tars | |
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The Production and Uses of Neolithic Tars | |
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Alternatives to Birch Bark and Softwood Tar | |
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Summary: Evidence for Other Organic Substances | |
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References | |
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Amino Acid Stereochemistry and the First Americans | |
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Introduction | |
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The Structure of Bone | |
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Stereochemistry of Amino Acids | |
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Racemization of Amino Acids | |
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Amino Acid Racemization Dating of the Californian Paleoindians | |
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The End of a Paradigm: Early Humans in the Americas | |
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'Some Kind of Joke'? Current Uses of Amino Acid Racemization | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Lead Isotope Geochemistry and the Trade in Metals | |
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Introduction | |
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The Trace Element Approach to Metal Provenance | |
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Natural Radioactivity and the Stable Isotopes of Lead | |
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The Lead Isotopic Composition of Metalliferous Deposits | |
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Lead Isotopes in Archaeology | |
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Isotopic Fractionation by Non-Equilibrium Evaporation | |
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Defining an Ore Field | |
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Lead Isotopes and the Bronze Age Mediterranean | |
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Epilogue - 'What A Long Strange Trip Its Been'! | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The Chemistry of Human Bone: Diet, Nutrition, Status and Mobility | |
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Introduction | |
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Dietary Reconstruction from Trace Elements in Bone Mineral | |
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Light Isotope Systematics and Trophic Levels | |
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Isotopic Dietary Reconstruction from Human Bone | |
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Status and Health | |
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Mobility | |
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Other Isotopic Approaches to Diet and Mobility | |
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Carbonates and 'Deep Time' | |
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Other Biomolecules and Isotopes | |
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'Provenancing Humans' - Strontium and Oxygen Isotopes | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The Detection of Small Biomolecules: Dairy Products in the Archaeological Record | |
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Introduction | |
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Fatty Acids: a Brief Overview of Chemistry and Occurrence | |
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Dairy Chemistry | |
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Archaeological Investigations of Dairying | |
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DNA, Lactase Persistence and Early Dairying | |
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Summary: Where do we go from here? | |
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References | |
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Summary - Whither Archaeological Chemistry? | |
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Historical Summary | |
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The Archaeological Relevance of Chemical Applications | |
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Whither Archaeological Chemistry? | |
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References | |
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The Structure of the Atom, and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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Isotopes | |
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Fundamental Constants | |
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Atomic Number and Approximate Atomic Weights (based on [superscript 12]C = 12.000) of the Elements | |
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Periodic Table of the Elements | |
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Subject Index | |