Handbook of Mass Measurement

Name: Handbook of Mass Measurement
Price: 48.72 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780849325311

ISBN-10: 0849325315

ISBN-13: 9780849325311

Edition: 2002

Authors: Frank E. Jones, Randall M. Schoonover

List price: $259.00

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Description:

Within one volume, this handbook provides detailed, up-to-date information on the various aspects of measuring mass. This is an exhaustive, unique work that includes citations and summaries of the published literature, but much of the material presented is the authors' own work. It will be of enormous interest and utility to those involved in mass metrology at the highest levels, in science, engineering, industry, commerce, legal metrology, and in more routine measurements and weighings.

Book details

List price: $259.00
Copyright year: 2002
Publisher: CRC Press LLC
Publication date: 3/26/2002
Binding: Hardcover
Pages: 336
Size: 7.24" wide x 10.16" long x 1.02" tall
Weight: 1.628
Language: English




Mass and Mass Standards



Introduction



Definition of Mass



The Mass Unit



Mass Artifacts, Mass Standards


References



The Roles of Mass Metrology in Civilization, Paul E. Pontius



The Role of Mass Measurement in Commerce



The Role of Measurement in Technology



The Role of Measurement in Science


References



Report by John Quincy Adams



Recalibration of Mass Standards



Recalibration of the U.S. National Prototype Kilogram



Introduction



Experimental



1984 BIPM Measurements



1984 NBS Measurements



Recommendations



Third Periodic Verification of National Prototypes of the Kilogram



Introduction



Preliminary Comparisons



Comparisons with the International Prototype



Verification of the National Prototypes



Conclusions Drawn from the Third Verification


References



Contamination of Mass Standards



Platinum-Iridium Mass Standards



Growth of Carbonaceous Contamination on Platinum-Iridium Alloy Surfaces, and Cleaning by Ultraviolet-Ozone Treatment



Progress of Contamination and Cleaning Effects



Effects of Changes in Ambient Humidity, Temperature, and Pressure on "Apparent Mass" of Platinum-Iridium Prototype Mass Standards



Evidence of Variations in Mass of Reference Kilograms Due to Mercury Contamination



Mechanism and Long-Term Effects of Mercury Contamination



Water Adsorption Layers on Metal Surfaces



Stainless Steel Mass Standards



Precision Determination of Adsorption Layers on Stainless Steel Mass Standards--Introduction



Adsorption Measurements in Air



Sorption Measurements in Vacuum



Effect of Environment and Cleaning Methods on Surfaces of Stainless Steel and Allied Materials



Studies of Influence of Cleaning on Stability of XSH Alacrite Mass Standards


References



Cleaning of Mass Standards



Introduction



Solvent Cleaning and Steam Washing (Nettoyage-Lavage)



Solvent Cleaning



Steam Washing



Effect of Solvent Cleaning and Steam Washing



Summaries of National Laboratory Studies Related to Cleaning



Cleaning at National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (NPL)



Cleaning at Institut National de Metrologie, France (INM)



Cleaning at National Research Laboratory of Metrology, Japan (NRLM)



Cleaning of Stainless Steel Mass Standards



Cleaning Procedures Investigated by Weighing and Ellipsometry



Cleaning of Stainless Steel Mass Standards at BIPM



Cleaning of Stainless Steel Mass Standards at NIST


References



From Balance Observations to Mass Differences



Introduction



Determination of Mass Difference


References



Glossary of Statistical Terms


References



Measurement Uncertainty



Introduction



NIST Guidlines



Classification of Components of Uncertainty



Standard Uncertainty



Type A Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty



Type B Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty



Combined Standard Uncertainty



Expanded Uncertainty



Relative Uncertainties



Example of Determination of Uncertainty


References



Weighing Designs



Introduction



Least Squares



Best Fit



Simplest Example



Equation of a Line



Sequences



Design A.1.2



Design C.10



Design 16



Observation Multipliers for Determining Mass Values and Deviations



Design A.1.2



Design C.10



Design 16



Factors for Computing Weight Standard Deviations Needed for Uncertainty Calculations



Design A.1.2



Design C.10



Design 16



Sample Data Sets and Intermediate Calculations



Design A.1.2



Design C.10



Design 16



Calculations of Various Values Associated with Design 16 and the 5-kg, 2-kg[subscript 1], 2-kg[subscript 2], and 1-kg Weights



Calculations of Various Values Associated with the A.1.2 Design Solution for the 1-kg and [Sigma]1-kg Weights and 500 g through [Sigma]100 g



50 g - 10 g NIST Data



5 g - 1 g NIST Data



0.5 g - 0.1 g NIST Data



0.05 g - 0.01 g NIST Data



0.005 g - 0.001 g NIST Data



Commentary


References



Calibration of the Screen and the Built-in Weights of a Direct-Reading Analytical Balance



Calibration of the Screen



Calibration of the Built-in Weights


References



A Look at the Electronic Balance



Introduction



The Analytical Balance and the Mass Unit



Balance Principles



The Mechanical Balance



The Hybrid Balance



The Electromotive Force Balance



The Servo System



A Closer Look at Electronic Balances



The Hybrid Balance



The Force Balance



Benefits and Idiosyncrasies of Electronic Balances



Benefit



Idiosyncrasies



Black Box Comparison



The Future


References



Examples of Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing



Introduction



Buoyant Force and Buoyancy Correction



Application of the Simple Buoyancy Correction Factor to Weighing on a Single-Pan Two-Knife Analytical Balance



The Electronic Analytical Balance



Electronic Balance Calibration and Use



Usual Case for Which the Air Density Is Not the Reference Value



Examples of Effects of Failure to Make Buoyancy Corrections



Other Examples of Buoyancy Correction



Weighing of Syringes



Buoyancy Applied to Weighing in Weighing Bottles


References



Air Density Equation



Introduction



Development of the Jones Air Density Equation



Parameters in the Jones Air Density Equation



The Jones Air Density Equation



Uncertainties in Air Density Calculations



Use of Constant Values of F, Z, and M[subscript a] in the Air Density Equation



CIPM-81 Air Density Equation



CIPM 1981/1991 Equation



Recommendation



Direct Determination of Air Density



Introduction



Experimental Procedure



Results and Conclusions



Experimental Determination of Air Density in Weighing on a 1-kg Balance in Air and in Vacuum



Introduction



Results and Conclusions



A Practical Approach to Air Density Determination



Introduction



Air Density



Test of Air Density Equation at Differing Altitudes



Introduction



Experimental Details



Calculation of Air Density for Buoyancy Correction



Measurements of Parameters in the Air Density Equation



Weighings



Conclusions


References



Density of Solid Objects



Development of a Density Scale Based on the Density of a Solid Object



Introduction



Apparatus



Principles of Use of the Submersible Balance



Measurements



Summary



Discussion



Determination of Density of Mass Standards; Requirement and Method



Introduction



Requirements



Principles and Applications



The Density of a Solid by Hydrostatic Weighing



The Force Detector



Air Density



Water Density



A General Algorithm for Hydrostatic Weighing



The General Hydrostatic Weighing Equations



Linearity Test and Correction



Analysis



Balance Selection



Data Results



Conclusions



Appendix 1--Liquid Density by Hydrostatic Weighing



Appendix 2--Glassware Calibration



An Efficient Method for Measuring the Density (or Volume) of Similar Objects



Introduction



The Requirement



The Method



The Measurement of Liquid Density



Error Analysis



Apparatus



Data



Conclusion


References



Calculation of the Density of Water



Introduction



Formulations of Wagenbreth and Blanke



Kell's Formulations



Density of Standard Mean Ocean Water



Isothermal Compressibility of Water



Conversion of IPTS-68 to ITS-90



Redeterminations of Water Density



Measurements of Patterson and Morris



Measurements of Watanabe



Measurements of Takenaka and Masui



Comparison of the Results for the Three Recent Formulations



Change in Density of Water with Air Saturation



Density of Air-Saturated Water on ITS-90



Compressibility-Corrected Water Density Equation



Effect of Isotopic Concentrations



Estimation of Uncertainty in Water Density Due to Variation in Isotopic Concentrations



Summary


References



Conventional Value of the Result of Weighing in Air



Introduction



Conventional Value of Weighing in Air



Examples of Computation



Discussion



Conclusions


References



A Comparison of Error Propagations for Mass and Conventional Mass



Conventional Value of the Result of Weighing in Air



Uncertainties in Mass Determinations



Uncertainties in the Determination of m Due to Uncertainties in the Parameters in Eq. (16.2)



Balance Standard Deviation



Application to R111



Comparisons of Weights



Comparison of a Stainless Steel E[subscript 1] Weight with a Stainless Steel Standard of Mass S and Density 7.950 g/cm[superscript 3]



Error Propagation for Conventional Value of Weighing in Air



Comparison of E[subscript 2] Weights with E[subscript 1] Weights



Maximum Permissible Errors on Verification



Uncertainty Trade-Offs



Summary


References



Examination of Parameters That Can Cause Error in Mass Determinations



Introduction



Mass Comparison



The Fundamental Mass Comparison Relationship



Uncertainties in the Determination of X Due to Uncertainties in the Parameters in Eq. (17.2)



Buoyancy



Thermal Equilibrium



Atmospheric Effects



Magnetic Effects



Instability of IPK



Cleaning



Conclusions



Discussion


References



Determination of the Mass of a Piston-Gauge Weight, Practical Uncertainty Limits



Introduction



Assignment of Mass


References



Response of Apparent Mass to Thermal Gradients and Free Convective Currents



Thermal Gradients



Introduction



Conclusions



Free Convective Currents



Introduction



Experimental



Results and Discussion



Temperature Differences and Change of Apparent Mass of Weights


References



Magnetic Errors in Mass Metrology



Introduction



Magnetic Force



Application of a Magnetic Force Equation


References



Effect of Gravitational Configuration of Weights on Precision of Mass Measurements



Introduction



Magnitude of the Gravitational Configuration Effect



Significance of the Gravitational Configuration Correction


References



Between-Time Component of Error in Mass Measurements



Introduction



Experimental



Discussion


References



Laboratory Standard Operating Procedure and Weighing Practices



Introduction



Environmental Controls and Instrumentation



Balances



Mass Standards



Weight Cleaning



Weighing



Balance Problems



Balance Support



Loading Errors



Electronic Forces



Convection



Unnatural Pressure Variations



External Air Motion



Statistical Surveillance



Routine Bookkeeping


References



Control Charts



Introduction



Procedure



System Monitored



Check Standards



Frequency of Measurement



Types of Control Charts



X Control Chart



Initial Control Limits, X Chart



X Control Chart



Initial Control Limits, X Chart



Updating Control Charts



Interpretation of Control Chart Tests


References



Tolerance Testing of Mass Standards



Introduction



Prerequisites



Methodology



Scope, Precision, Accuracy



Summary



Apparatus/Equipment



Procedure--Option A, Use of Single-Pan Mechanical Balance



Procedure--Option B, Use of Full-Electronic Balance



Procedure--Option C, Use of Equal-Arm Balance



Tolerance Evaluation


Reference



Surveillance Testing



Introduction



Types of Surveillance Tests



Type I Test



Surveillance Limits



Surveillance Charts



Identification of Weights Whose Mass Has Changed


References



The Mass Unit Disseminated to Surrogate Laboratories Using the NIST Portable Mass Calibration Package



Introduction



Review



The Third Package



Hardware and Software



The Measurements



Data



Analysis



Conclusions


References



Highly Accurate Direct Mass Measurements without the Use of External Standards



Introduction



The Force Detector



Discussion of the Method



Uncertainties



Balance Selection



Determining the Estimate of Standard Deviation of the Balance



Linearity Test and Correction



Data



Discussion



Direction of Future Developments in Electronic Balances and Their Uses


References



The Piggyback Balance Experiment: An Illustration of Archimedes' Principle and Newton's Third Law



Introduction



The Piggyback Thought Balance Experiment



The Laboratory Experiment



Experimental Results



Conclusion


References



The Application of the Electronic Balance in High-Precision Pycnometry



Introduction



Pycnometer Calibration



Experimental Pycnometer Calibration



Apparatus



Air Density and Water Density



Analysis



Data



Discussion


References



Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing Course



Examination for "Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing" Course



Answers for Examination Questions for "Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing" Course


Appendix B



Maximum Permissible Errors (MPE), in mg



Minimum and Maximum Limits for Density of Weights ([rho subscript min], [rho subscript max])



Density and Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Pure Metals, Commercial Metals and Alloys



Linearity Test


Index