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Foundations of Clinical Research | |
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A Concept of Research | |
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A Definition of Clinical Research | |
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Contemporary Perspectives | |
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Sources of Knowledge | |
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Types of Research | |
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The Research Process | |
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Understanding Method, Content, and Philosophy | |
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Commentary: Research and Clinical Problem Solving | |
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The Role of Theory in Clinical Research | |
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Purposes of Theories | |
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Components of Theories | |
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Types of Theories | |
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Characteristics of Theories | |
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Theory and Research | |
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Theory and Law | |
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Commentary: Applying Theory | |
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Ethical Issues in Clinical Research | |
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Integrity of the Researcher | |
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Protection of Human Rights in Clinical Research | |
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Institutional Review Board | |
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Elements of Informed Consent | |
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Commentary: A Patient Care Perspective | |
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Concepts of Measurement | |
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Principles of Measurement | |
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Quantification and Measurement | |
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The Indirect Nature of Measurement | |
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Rules of Measurement | |
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Commentary: When Is an Ordinal Measure Not an Ordinal Measure? | |
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Reliability | |
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Measurement Error | |
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Reliability Coefficients | |
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Types of Reliability | |
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Generalizability | |
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Pilot Testing | |
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Commentary: What Is the True Score? | |
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Validity of Measurements | |
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Validity and Reliability | |
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Validity of Inferences | |
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Face Validity | |
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Content Validity | |
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Criterion-Related Validity | |
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Construct Validity | |
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Evaluating Diagnostic Procedures | |
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Measuring Change | |
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Criterion Referencing and Norm Referencing | |
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Cross-Validation | |
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Commentary: The Ongoing Pursuit of Validity | |
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Design | |
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The Research Question | |
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Selecting a Topic | |
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The Research Problem | |
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Importance and Feasibility of the Research Question | |
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Target Population | |
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The Research Rationale | |
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Variables | |
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Research Objectives | |
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Reviewing the Literature | |
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Pilot Testing | |
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Commentary: Putting the Horse before the Cart | |
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Sampling | |
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Populations and Samples | |
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Sampling Techniques | |
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Probability Sampling | |
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Nonprobability Sampling | |
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Recruitment | |
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Commentary: Sampling, Like Life, is a Compromise | |
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Experimental Control | |
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Characteristics of Experiments | |
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The Research Protocol | |
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Blinding | |
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Design Strategies for Controlling Intersubject Differences | |
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Threats to Validity | |
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Commentary: The Realities of Clinical Research | |
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Experimental Design | |
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Selecting a Design | |
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Design Notation | |
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True Experimental Designs | |
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Repeated Measures Designs | |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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Commentary: The Design Should Fit the Question | |
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Sequential Clinical Trials | |
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The Design of a Sequential Trial | |
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Measuring Preferences | |
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Sequential Plans for Evaluating Preferences | |
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Limitations of Sequential Designs | |
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Commentary: Try It, You'll Like It | |
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Single-Subject Designs | |
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Structure of Single-Subject Designs | |
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Target Behavior | |
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Reliability | |
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Experimental Control: Limitations of the A-B Design | |
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Withdrawal Designs | |
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Multiple-Treatment Designs | |
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Multiple-Baseline Designs | |
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Changing Criterion Design | |
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Data Analysis in Single-Subject Research | |
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Generalization of Findings | |
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Commentary: It's a Start | |
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Descriptive and Exploratory Research | |
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Retrospective and Prospective Research | |
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Descriptive Research | |
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Exploratory Research | |
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Commentary: First Things First | |
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Surveys | |
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Interviews and Questionnaires | |
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Design of Surveys | |
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Constructing Survey Questions | |
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Scales | |
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Q-Sort | |
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Delphi Survey | |
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Analysis of Survey Data | |
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Informed Consent | |
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Commentary: They Have a Thousand and One Uses | |
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Epidemiology | |
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Descriptive Epidemiology | |
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Analytic Designs: Observational Studies | |
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Analytic Designs: Clinical Trials | |
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Measures of Association | |
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Evaluating Causality in Observational Studies | |
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Commentary: A New View of Outcomes | |
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Other Research Approaches | |
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Evaluation Research | |
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Methodological Research | |
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Secondary Analysis | |
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Meta-Analysis | |
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Historical Research | |
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Commentary: Moving Forward | |
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Analysis | |
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Descriptive Statistics and Measures of Variability | |
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Frequency Distributions | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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Measures of Variability | |
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The Normal Distribution | |
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Commentary: Description Only Goes So Far | |
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Statistical Inference | |
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Probability | |
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Sampling Error | |
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Confidence Intervals | |
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Hypothesis Testing | |
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Errors in Hypothesis Testing | |
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Type I Error: Level of Significance | |
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Type II Error: Statistical Power | |
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Concepts of Statistical Testing | |
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Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics | |
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Commentary: Statistical versus Clinical Significance | |
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The t-Test | |
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The Conceptual Basis for Comparing Group Means | |
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The t-Test for Independent Samples | |
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The t-Test for Paired Samples | |
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Inappropriate Use of Multiple t-Tests | |
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Use of Confidence Intervals to Test Differences between Means | |
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Commentary: The Significance of Significance | |
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Analysis of Variance | |
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Analysis of Variance for Independent Samples: One-Way Classification | |
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Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Classification | |
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Analysis of Variance: Three-Way Classification | |
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Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance | |
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Commentary: Beyond Analysis of Variance | |
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Multiple Comparison Tests | |
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Type I Error Rate: Per Comparison versus Family | |
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Statistical Ratios for Multiple Comparison Tests | |
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Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference | |
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Newman-Keuls Method | |
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Scheffe's Comparison | |
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Bonferroni t-Test | |
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Simple and Complex Contrasts | |
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Presentation of Results of Multiple Comparisons | |
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Multiple Comparison Procedures for Factorial Designs | |
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Multiple Comparison Procedures for Repeated Measures | |
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Trend Analysis | |
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Commentary: Choices, Choices, Choices | |
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Nonparametric Tests for Group Comparisons | |
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Criteria for Choosing Nonparametric Tests | |
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Procedure for Ranking Scores | |
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Test for Two Independent Samples: Mann-Whitney U-Test | |
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Test for More than Two Independent Samples: Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | |
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Tests for Two Correlated Samples: Sign Test and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test | |
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Test for More than Two Correlated Samples: Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | |
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Commentary: Decisions, Decisions, Decisions | |
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Correlation | |
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Scatter Plots | |
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Correlation Coefficients | |
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Linear versus Curvilinear Relationships | |
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Criteria for Evaluating Correlation Coefficients | |
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Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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Correlation of Ranks: Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient | |
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Correlation of Dichotomies | |
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Interpreting Correlation Coefficients | |
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Commentary: The Stork Was Busy | |
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Regression | |
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Linear Regression | |
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Assumptions for Regression Analysis | |
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Outliers | |
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Accuracy of Prediction | |
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Analysis of Variance of Regression | |
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Restrictions on the Interpretation of Linear Regression Analysis | |
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Nonlinear Regression | |
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Analysis of Covariance | |
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Commentary: It's Not That Simple | |
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Analysis of Frequencies: Chi-square | |
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The Chi-square Statistic | |
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Goodness of Fit | |
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Interpreting Significant Effects: Standardized Residuals | |
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Tests of Independence | |
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McNemar Test for Correlated Samples | |
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Coefficients of Association | |
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Commentary: Uses of Chi-square | |
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Statistical Measures of Reliability | |
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Reliability Theory and Measurement Error | |
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Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | |
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Agreement | |
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Internal Consistency: Cronbach's Alpha | |
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Response Stability | |
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Alternate Forms: Limits of Agreement | |
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Commentary: Know Your Reliability Coefficient | |
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Multivariate Analysis | |
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Partial Correlation | |
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Multiple Regression | |
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Logistic Regression | |
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Discriminant Analysis | |
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Factor Analysis | |
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Multivariate Analysis of Variance | |
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Commentary: Can We Keep It Simple? | |
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Data Management | |
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Recording Data | |
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Data Coding | |
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Data Entry | |
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Data Modification | |
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Data Management | |
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Commentary: "Anyone can analyze data, but to really mess things up takes a computer." | |
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Communication | |
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Writing a Research Proposal | |
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Components of the Research Plan | |
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Plan for Administrative Support | |
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Presentation of the Proposal | |
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Commentary: Review, Revise, Edit, Revise, Review | |
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Reporting the Results of Clinical Research | |
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The Journal Article | |
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The Poster Presentation | |
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The Oral Presentation | |
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Commentary: Taking the Final Step | |
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Evaluating Research Reports | |
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Analyzing Content of an Article | |
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Commentary: The Reader's View | |
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Appendices | |
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Statistical Tables | |
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Summary of Statistical Procedures | |
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Power and Sample Size | |
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The Effect Size Index | |
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Power Analysis for the t-Test | |
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Power Analysis for the Analysis of Variance | |
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Power Analysis for Correlation | |
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Power Analysis for Regression | |
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Power Analysis for Chi-square | |
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Transformation of Data | |
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Sample Informed Consent Form | |
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Glossary of Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations | |
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Index | |