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Introduction to the Transaction Edition | |
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Preface | |
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Growth of Intelligence Through Inventions and Discoveries | |
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Ethnical Periods | |
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Progress of Mankind from the Bottom of the Scale | |
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Illustrated by Inventions, Discoveries and Institutions | |
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Two Plans of Government | |
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One Gentile and Social, giving a Society (Societas); the other Political, giving a State (Civitas) | |
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The former founded upon Persons and Gentilism; the Latter upon Territory and Property | |
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The First, the Plan of Government of Ancient Society | |
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The Second, that of Modern or Civilized Society | |
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Uniformity of Human Experience | |
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Proposed Ethnical Periods | |
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Lower Status of Savagery | |
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Middle Status of Savagery | |
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Upper Status of Savagery | |
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Lower Status of Barbarism | |
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Middle Status of Barbarism | |
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Upper Status of Barbarism | |
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Status of Civilization | |
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Arts of Subsistence | |
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Supremacy of Mankind over the Earth | |
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Control over Subsistence the Condition | |
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Mankind alone gained that Control | |
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Successive Arts of Subsistence | |
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Natural Subsistence | |
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Fish Subsistence | |
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Farinaceous Subsistence | |
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Meat and Milk Subsistence | |
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Unlimited Subsistence through Field Agriculture | |
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Long Intervals of Time between them | |
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Ratio of Human Progress | |
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Retrospect on the Lines of Human Progress | |
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Principal Contributions of Modern Civilization | |
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Of Ancient Civilization | |
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Of Later Period of Barbarism | |
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Of Middle Period | |
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Of Older Period | |
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Of Period of Savagery | |
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Humble Condition of Primitive Man | |
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Human Progress in a Geometrical Ratio | |
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Relative Length of Ethnical Periods | |
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Appearance of Semitic and Aryan Families | |
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Growth of the Idea of Government | |
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Organization of Society Upon the Basis of Sex | |
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Australian Classes | |
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Organized upon Sex | |
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Archaic Character of the Organization | |
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Australian Gentes | |
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The Eight Classes | |
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Rule of Marriage | |
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Descent in the Female Line | |
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Stupendous Conjugal System | |
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Two Male and Two Female Classes in each Gens | |
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Innovations upon the Classes | |
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Gens still Rudimentary | |
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The Iroquois Gens | |
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The Gentile Organization | |
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Its Wide Prevalence | |
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Definition of a Gens | |
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Descent in the Female Line the Archaic Rule | |
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Rights, Privileges and Obligations of Members of a Gens | |
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Right of Electing and Deposing its Sachem and Chiefs | |
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Obligation not to marry in the Gens | |
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Mutual Rights of Inheritance of the Property of deceased Members | |
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Reciprocal Obligations of Help, Defense and Redress of Injuries | |
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Right of Naming its Members | |
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Right of Adopting Strangers into the Gens | |
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Common Religious Rites, Query | |
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A Common Burial Place | |
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Council of the Gens | |
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Gentes named after Animals | |
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Number of Persons in a Gens | |
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The Iroquois Phratry | |
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Definition of a Phratry | |
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Kindred Gentes Reunited in a Higher Organization | |
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Phratry of the Iroquois Tribes | |
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Its Composition | |
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Its Uses and Functions | |
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Social and Religious | |
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Illustrations | |
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The Analogue of the Grecian Phratry; but in its Archaic Form | |
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Phratries of the Choctas | |
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Of the Chickasas | |
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Of the Mohegans | |
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Of the Thlinkeets | |
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Their Probable Universality in the Tribes of the American Aborigines | |
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The Iroquois Tribe | |
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The Tribe as an Organization | |
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Composed of Gentes Speaking the same Dialect | |
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Separation in Area led to Divergence of Speech, and Segmentation | |
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The Tribe a Natural Growth | |
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Illustrations | |
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Attributes of a Tribe | |
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A Territory and Name | |
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An Exclusive Dialect | |
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The Right to Invest and Depose its Sachems and Chiefs | |
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A Religious Faith and Worship | |
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A Council of Chiefs | |
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A Head-Chief of Tribe in some Instances | |
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Three successive Forms of Gentile Government | |
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A Government of One Power | |
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Of Two Powers | |
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Of Three Powers | |
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The Iroquois Confederacy | |
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Confederacies Natural Growths | |
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Founded upon Common Gentes, and a Common Language | |
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The Iroquois Tribes | |
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Their Settlement in New York | |
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Formation of the Confederacy | |
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Its Structure and Principles | |
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Fifty Sachemships Created | |
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Made Hereditary in certain Gentes | |
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Number assigned to each Tribe | |
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These Sachems formed the Council of the Confederacy | |
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The Civil Council | |
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Its Mode of Transacting Business | |
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Unanimity Necessary to its Action | |
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The Mourning Council | |
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Mode of Raising up Sachems | |
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General Military Commanders | |
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This Office the Germ of that of a Chief Executive Magistrate | |
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Intellectual Capacity of the Iroquois | |
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Gentes in Other Tribes of the Ganowanian Family | |
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Divisions of American Aborigines | |
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Gentes in Indian Tribes; with their Rules of Descent and Inheritance | |
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Hodenosaunian Tribes | |
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Dakotian | |
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Gulf | |
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Pawnee | |
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Algonkin | |
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Athapasco-Apache | |
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Tribes of North-west Coast | |
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Eskimos, a Distinct Family | |
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Salish, Sahaptin, and Kootenay Tribes | |
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Shoshonee | |
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Village Indians of New Mexico, Mexico and Central America | |
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South American Indian Tribes | |
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Probable Universality of the Organization in Gentes in the Ganowanian Family | |
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The Aztec Confederacy | |
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Misconception of Aztec Society | |
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Condition of Advancement | |
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Nahuatlac Tribes | |
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Their Settlement in Mexico | |
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Pueblo of Mexico founded, A.D. 1325 | |
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Aztec Confederacy established, A.D. 1426 | |
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Extent of Territorial Domination | |
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Probable Number of the People | |
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Whether or not the Aztecs were organized in Gentes and Phratries | |
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The Council of Chiefs | |
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Its probable Functions | |
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Office held by Montezuma | |
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Elective in Tenure | |
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Deposition of Montezuma | |
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Probable Functions of the Office | |
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Aztec Institutions essentially Democratical | |
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The Government a Military Democracy | |
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The Grecian Gens | |
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Early Condition of Grecian Tribes | |
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Organized into Gentes | |
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Changes in the Character of the Gens | |
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Necessity for a Political System | |
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Problem to be Solved | |
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The Formation of a State | |
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Grote's Description of the Grecian Gentes | |
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Of their Phratries and Tribes | |
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Rights, Privileges and Obligations of the Members of the Gens | |
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Similar to those of the Iroquois Gens | |
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The Office of Chief of the Gens | |
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Whether Elective or Hereditary | |
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The Gens the Basis of the Social System | |
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Antiquity of the Gentile Lineage | |
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Inheritance of Property | |
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Archaic and Final Rule | |
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Relationships between the Members of a Gens | |
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The Gens the Center of Social and Religious Influence | |
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The Grecian Phratry, Tribe and Nation | |
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The Athenian Phratry | |
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How Formed | |
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Definition of Dikaearchus | |
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Objects chiefly Religious | |
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The Phratriarch | |
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The Tribe | |
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Composed of Three Phratries | |
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The Phylo Basileus | |
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The Nation | |
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Composed of Four Tribes | |
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Boule, or Council of Chiefs | |
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Agora, or Assembly of the People | |
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The Basileus | |
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Tenure of the Office | |
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Military and Priestly Functions | |
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Civil Functions not shown | |
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Governments of the Heroic Age, Military Democracies | |
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Aristotle's Definition of a Basileus | |
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Later Athenian Democracy | |
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Inherited from the Gentes | |
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Its Powerful Influence upon Athenian Development | |
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The Institution of Grecian Political Society | |
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Failure of the Gentes as a Basis of Government | |
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Legislation of Theseus | |
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Attempted Substitution of Classes | |
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Its Failure | |
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Abolition of the Office of Basileus | |
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The Archonship | |
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Naucraries and Trittyes | |
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Legislation of Solon | |
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The Property Classes | |
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Partial Transfer of Civil Power from the Gentes to the Classes | |
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Persons unattached to any Gens | |
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Made Citizens | |
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The Senate | |
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The Ecclesia | |
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Political Society partially attained | |
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Legislation of Cleisthenes | |
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Institution of Political Society | |
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The Attic Deme or Township | |
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Its Organization and Powers | |
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Its Local Self-government | |
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The Local Tribe or District | |
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The Attic Commonwealth | |
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Athenian Democracy | |
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The Roman Gens | |
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Italian Tribes Organized in Gentes | |
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Founding of Rome | |
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Tribes Organized into a Military Democracy | |
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The Roman Gens | |
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Definition of a Gentilis by Cicero | |
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By Festus | |
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By Varro | |
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Descent in Male Line | |
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Marrying out of the Gens | |
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Rights, Privileges and Obligations of the Members of a Gens | |
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Democratic Constitution of Ancient Latin Society | |
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Number of Persons in a Gens | |
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The Roman Curia, Tribe and Populus | |
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Roman Gentile Society | |
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Four Stages of Organization | |
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The Gens | |
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The Curia, consisting of TenGentes | |
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The Tribe, composed of Ten Curiae | |
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The Populus Romanus, composed of Three Tribes | |
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Numerical Proportions | |
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How Produced | |
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Concentration of Gentes at Rome | |
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The Roman Senate | |
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Its Functions | |
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The Assembly of the People | |
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Its Powers | |
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The People Sovereign | |
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Office of Military Commander (Rex) | |
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Its Powers and Functions | |
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Roman Gentile Institutions essentially Democratical | |
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The Institution of Roman Political Society | |
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The Populus | |
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The Plebeians | |
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The Clients | |
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The Patricians | |
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Limits of the Order | |
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Legislation of Servius Tullius | |
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Institution of Property Classes | |
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Of the Centuries | |
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Unequal Suffrage | |
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Comitia Centuriata | |
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Supersedes Comitia Curiata | |
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Classes supersede the Gentes | |
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The Census | |
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Plebeians made Citizens | |
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Institution of City Wards | |
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Of Country Townships | |
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Tribes increased to Four | |
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Made Local instead of Consanguine | |
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Character of New Political System | |
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Decline and Disappearance of Gentile Organization | |
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The Work it Accomplished | |
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Change of Descent from the Female to the Male Line | |
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How the Change might have been made | |
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Inheritance of Property the Motive | |
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Descent in the Female Line among the Lycians | |
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The Cretans | |
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The Etruscans | |
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Probably among the Athenians in the time of Cecrops | |
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The Hundred Families of the Locrians | |
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Evidence from Marriages | |
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Turanian System of Consanguinity among Grecian Tribes | |
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Legend of the Danaidae | |
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Gentes in other Tribes of the Human Family | |
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The Scottish Clan | |
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The Irish Sept | |
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Germanic Tribes | |
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Traces of a prior Gentile System | |
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Gentes in Southern Asiatic Tribes | |
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In Northern | |
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In Uralian Tribes | |
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Hundred Families of Chinese | |
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Hebrew Tribes | |
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Composed of Gentes and Phratries Apparently | |
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Gentes in African Tribes | |
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In Australian Tribes | |
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Subdivisions of Fejees and Rewas | |
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Wide Distribution of Gentile Organization | |
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Growth of the Idea of the Family | |
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The Ancient Family | |
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Five successive Forms of the Family | |
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First, the Consanguine Family | |
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It created the Malayan System of Consanguinity and Affinity | |
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Second, the Punaluan | |
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It created the Turanian and Ganowanian System | |
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Third, the Monogramian | |
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It created the Aryan, Semitic, and Uralian System | |
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The Syndyasmian and Patriarchal Families Intermediate | |
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Both failed to create a System of Consanguinity | |
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These Systems Natural Growths | |
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Two Ultimate Forms | |
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One Classificatory, the other Descriptive | |
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General Principles of these Systems | |
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Their Persistent Maintenance | |
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The Consanguine Family | |
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Former Existence of this Family | |
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Proved by Malayan System of Consanguinity | |
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Hawaiian System used as Typical | |
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Five Grades of Relations | |
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Details of System | |
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Explained in its origin by the Intermarriage of Brothers and Sisters in a Group | |
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Early State of Society in the Sandwich Islands | |
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Nine Grades of Relations of the Chinese | |
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Identical in Principle with the Hawaiian | |
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Five Grades of Relations in Ideal Republic of Plato | |
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Table of Malayan System of Consanguinity and Affinity | |
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The Punaluan Family | |
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The Punaluan Family supervened upon the Consanguine | |
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Transition, how Produced | |
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Hawaiian Custom of Punalua | |
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Its probable ancient Prevalence over wide Areas | |
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The Gentes originated probably in Punaluan Groups | |
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The Turanian System of Consanguinity | |
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Created by the Punaluan Family | |
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It proves the Existence of this Family when the System was formed | |
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Details of System | |
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Explanation of its Relationships in their Origin | |
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Table of Turanian and Ganowanian Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity | |
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The Syndyasmian and the Patriarchal Families | |
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The Syndyasmian Family | |
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How Constituted | |
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Its Characteristics | |
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Influence upon it of the Gentile Organization | |
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Propensity to Pair a late Development | |
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Ancient Society should be Studied where the highest Exemplifications are found | |
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The Patriarchal Family | |
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Paternal Power its Essential Characteristic | |
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Polygamy subordinate | |
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The Roman Family similar | |
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Paternal Power unknown in previous Families | |
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The Monogamian Family | |
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This Family comparatively Modern | |
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The Term Familia | |
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Family of Ancient Germans | |
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Of Homeric Greeks | |
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Of Civilized Greeks | |
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Seclusion of Wives | |
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Obligations of Monogamy not respected by the Males | |
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The Roman Family | |
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Wives under Power | |
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Aryan System of Consanguinity | |
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It came in under Monogamy | |
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Previous System probably Turanian | |
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Transition from Turanian into Aryan | |
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Roman and Arabic Systems of Consanguinity | |
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Details of the Former | |
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Present Monogamian Family | |
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Table of Roman and Arabic Systems | |
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Sequence of Institutions Connected with the Family | |
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Sequence in part Hypothetical | |
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Relation of these Institutions in the Order of their Origination | |
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Evidence of their Origination in the Order named | |
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Hypothesis of Degradation Considered | |
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The Antiquity of Mankind | |
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Growth of the Idea of Property | |
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The Three Rules of Inheritance | |
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Property in the Status of Savagery | |
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Slow Rate of Progress | |
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First Rule of Inheritance | |
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Property Distributed among the Gentiles | |
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Property in the Lower Status of Barbarism | |
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Germ of Second Rule of Inheritance | |
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Distributed among Agnatic Kindred | |
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Improved Character of Man | |
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Property in Middle Status | |
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Rule of Inheritance imperfectly Known | |
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Agnatic Inheritance Probable | |
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The Three Rules of Inheritance--Continued | |
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Property in the Upper Status of Barbarism | |
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Slavery | |
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Tenure of Lands in Grecian Tribes | |
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Culture of the Period | |
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Its Brilliancy | |
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Third Rule of Inheritance | |
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Exclusively in Children | |
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Hebrew Tribes | |
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Rule of Inheritance | |
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Daughters of Zelophehad | |
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Property remained in the Phratry, and probably in the Gens | |
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The Reversion | |
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Athenian Inheritance | |
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Exclusively in Children | |
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The Reversion | |
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Inheritance remained in the Gens | |
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Heiresses | |
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Wills | |
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Roman Inheritance | |
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The Reversion | |
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Property remained in the Gens | |
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Appearance of Aristocracy | |
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Property Career of the Human Race | |
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Unity of Origin of Mankind | |