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| Contributing Authors | |
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| Contributing Companies and Universities | |
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| Series Editor's Preface | |
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| About the Editor | |
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| Interactive Consulting, Inc. | |
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| Preface | |
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| One Editor's Journey | |
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| Eureka! The Origins of this Book | |
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| The Roots of Delivery System Technology | |
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| My Vision for this Book | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Delivery System Movement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The "Eureka!" Moment | |
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| The Birth of Ideas | |
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| What is a Delivery System? | |
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| The Philosophy Behind This Book | |
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| Using the Mind Maps | |
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| Executive Summary: Book-at-a-Glance | |
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| Skin Fundamentals | |
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| Skin: Physiology and Penetration Pathways | |
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| Biology of the Skin | |
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| Stratum Corneum | |
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| Penetration Pathways into the Skin | |
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| Delivery System Factors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Delivery System Design in Topically Applied Formulations: An Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Routes for Skin Penetration | |
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| Improvement of the Therapeutic Index | |
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| Design of Delivery Systems | |
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| Examples of Delivery Systems | |
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| Determination of the Site of Action | |
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| Topical Applications: Examples | |
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| Summary and Future Challenges | |
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| References | |
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| From Ancient Potions to Modern Lotions: A Technology Overview and Introduction to Topical Delivery Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origins of Delivery Systems | |
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| Origins of Personal Care: When Medicine and Cosmetics Were One | |
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| Foundations of Personal Care Technology | |
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| New Technology for Personal Care: An Introduction to Delivery Vehicles | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Crossing the Barrier | |
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| Crossing the Lipid Barrier with the Echo-Derm Delivery System (A Skin-Mimicking, Lamellar Matrix System) | |
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| What is a Delivery System? | |
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| Anatomy of a "Perfect Product" | |
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| Skin's Functions | |
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| Why Worry About Delivery | |
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| Delivery Options | |
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| Formulating Guidelines | |
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| Sample Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Tetrahydropiperine (THP): A Natural Topical Permeation Enhancer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Concept Development | |
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| Scientific Basis for Efficacy | |
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| Safety Profile | |
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| Enhancing Topical Delivery of Bioactives with THP | |
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| Formulation Strategies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Encapsulation | |
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| Microencapsulation: An Overview of the Technology Landscape | |
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| Background | |
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| Microencapsulation Technology Vectors | |
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| Bringing It All Together: The Encapsulation Technology Landscape | |
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| Microencapsulation Technology Challenges and Market Trends | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Microcapsules as a Delivery System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Microcapsules | |
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| Microcapsule Release Mechanisms | |
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| Encapsulation by In Situ Polymerization | |
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| Formulations: Features and Benefits | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Tagravit Microcapsules as Controlled Drug Delivery Devices and Their Formulations | |
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| Microencapsulation: A Delivery Method for Unstable Actives | |
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| Contemporary Microencapsulation Techniques | |
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| Preparation of Microcapsules for Skin Applications | |
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| Microencapsulation of Unstable Lipophilic Actives | |
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| Stability Determination of Microencapsulated Vitamins in Various Formulations | |
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| Model Formulations Developed for Stability Testing of Tagravit Microencapsulated Products | |
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| Effect of Formulation on Stability of Microencapsulated Vitamins | |
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| Incorporation of Tagravit/Tagrol Microcapsules into Cosmetic Formulations | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Model and Recommended Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Phase-Change Materials (PCMs): A Novel Microencapsulation Technique for Personal Care | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Ciba Encapsulation Technology | |
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| Review of Ciba Encapsulation Techniques | |
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| Skin Temperature Regulation via Phase-Change Materials | |
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| Phase-Change Materials | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| |
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| Formulations | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Topical Delivery Systems Based on Polysaccharide Microspheres | |
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| Background | |
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| Acceptable Cosmetic Delivery Systems | |
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| Chitosphere Topical Delivery Technology | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Formulation | |
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| References | |
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| Liposomes | |
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| Liposomes in Personal Care Products | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The "Lip-O-Somes" | |
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| Lipids and their Self-Assembly | |
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| Liposomes: Production Methods | |
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| Encapsulation/Loading of Actives in Liposomes | |
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| Characterization of Liposomes | |
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| Formulating with Liposomes | |
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| Liposomes: Applications in Personal Care Products | |
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| Liposomes: Future Trends | |
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| References | |
| |
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| |
| Interactive Vehicles in Synergistic Cosmeceuticals: Advances in Nanoencapsulation, Transportation, Transfer, and Targeting | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Can Be Claimed? | |
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| What Can Be Named? | |
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| What Can Be Explained? | |
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| Formulations | |
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| |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Particles | |
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| Porous Entrapment Spheres as Delivery Vehicles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Before Cosmospheres | |
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| Porous Entrapment System Technology | |
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| |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polymeric Porous Delivery Systems: Polytrap and Microsponge | |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
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| Polytrap Technology | |
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| Microsponge Technology | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| |
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| Formulations | |
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| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chronospheres: Controlled Topical Actives Release Technology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
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| Chemistry and Historical Development | |
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| Functional Properties | |
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| Formulary Guidelines | |
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| Manufacturing Process | |
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| |
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| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
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| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nanotopes: A Novel Ultra-Small Unilamellar Carrier System for Cosmetic Actives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nanotopes: Stability in Formulation | |
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| Nanotopes: Performance | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| |
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| Formulations | |
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| |
| Acknowledgements | |
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| References | |
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| |
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| Practical Application of Fractal Geometry for Ultra-High Surface Area Personal Care Delivery Systems | |
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| Fractal Geometry, Fractal Polymers, and the Cosmetic Industry | |
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| |
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| From Cantor Dust to Sierpinski-Menger Sponge: The Fractal World | |
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| Fractal Geometry: Statistics and Chemistry | |
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| Fractal Poly-Epsilon Caprolactam (FPEC) | |
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| |
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| Commercially Available Grades | |
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| |
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| Conclusion | |
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| |
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| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
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| |
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| Emulsions | |
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| |
| |
| Optimizing Skin Delivery of Active Ingredients From Emulsions: From Theory To Practice | |
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| |
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| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Principles of Skin Delivery | |
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| |
| |
| Measurement of Skin Penetration | |
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| |
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| Formulation Mapping | |
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| |
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| The Importance of Ingredient Selection in Formulations for Dermal and Transdermal Delivery | |
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| |
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| Conclusions | |
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| |
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| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
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| References | |
| |
| |
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| The Delivery Systems' Delivery System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| |
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| Current Vehicles for Delivery Systems | |
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| |
| |
| Issues with Emulsions | |
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| |
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| Surfactant-free Lamellar Phase (La) Dispersions: An Alternative to the Conventional Emulsification Process | |
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| |
| |
| Defining a Semiquantitative Aesthetic Scale | |
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| |
| |
| Formulating with La Dispersions - System 3 | |
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| |
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| System 3 Advantages | |
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| |
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| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preparation of Stable Multiple Emulsions as Delivery Vehicles for Consumer Care Products: Study of the Factors Affecting the Stability of the System (w[subscript 1]/o/w[subscript 2]) | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction/Objectives | |
| |
| |
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| Materials/Methods | |
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| |
| |
| Experiments | |
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| |
| |
| Results and Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurement of the Dynamic Interfacial Tension Oil/Water Using the Pendant Drop Tensiometer Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coacervate Foam Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coacervate Foams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis Methodology | |
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| |
| |
| Results | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soft Cell Approach to Personal Care: Hydrophilic Active-Filled Polyurethane Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Forming Reactive Substrates Containing Actives | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Eureka!"-Formulation Plus Applicator In-Situ | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploring Hydrophilic Polyurethane Technology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrophilic Polyurethane Shaped or Molded Foams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrophilic Polyurethane Foam Film Coatings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrophilic Polyurethane Foam Laminates (Cast Foam) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manufacturing Techniques and Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structured Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sugar Structured Surfactant Systems (S4) | |
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| |
| |
| |
| Sugar Structured Surfactant Delivery System (S4) | |
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| |
| |
| Conventional Structured Surfactant Systems | |
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| |
| |
| Sugar Structured Surfactant Delivery System | |
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| |
| |
| Properties of S4 | |
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| |
| |
| Applications of the S4 | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shear-Thinning Lamellar Gel Network Emulsions as Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Eureka!" Effect | |
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| |
| |
| Preparation of Lamellar Gel Network Emulsions | |
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| |
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| Molecular Identification | |
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| |
| |
| Identification and Characterization of Lamellar Gel Network Structure | |
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| |
| |
| Applications | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
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| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgment | |
| |
| |
| |
| ProLipid Skin-Mimetic Lamellar Gel Carrier and Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulating with ProLipid Lamellar Gels | |
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| |
| |
| Delivery of Functional Materials from ProLipid Lamellar Gel Formulations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extended Insect Repellency with a ProLipid 151 Lotion | |
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| |
| |
| Extended Fragrance Release with ProLipid Systems | |
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| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intelligent Polymer and Self Organizing Liposome Gel Delivery Systems | |
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| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Structure of Lipids | |
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| |
| |
| Lamellar Phases | |
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| |
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| Liposomes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spontaneous Formation of Liposomes from Lamellar Liquid Crystals | |
| |
| |
| |
| New Product Delivery Vehicles Based on Fluid Liposomal Dispersions Obtained from Lamellar Phases | |
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| |
| |
| Stability Issues with Liposomes | |
| |
| |
| |
| New Liposomal Gels in the Presence of Intelligent Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cubosomes and Self-Assembled Bicontinuous Cubic Liquid Crystalline Phases | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Eureka!" Moment | |
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| Cubosome Applications | |
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| |
| Liquid Precursor Process for Cubosome Manufacture | |
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| |
| |
| Powdered Cubosome Precursors using Spray-Drying Technology and the Hydrotrope Method | |
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| |
| |
| Functionalized Cubic-Phase Liquid Crystals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Evaluation of Skin Conditioning by Cubic-Phase Liquid Crystals | |
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| |
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| Clinical Study Results | |
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| |
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| Conclusions | |
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| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonaqueous Delivery Systems with Controlled Rheological Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Background | |
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| |
| |
| Thermoplastic Block Copolymers as Rheological Modifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulating with Elastomeric Copolymers | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicones | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cationic Silicone Complexes as Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Eureka!" Moment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Group Opposites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicone Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatty Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicone Complex Improvements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Desirable Properties of Cationic Silicone Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatty Quaternary, Carboxy Silicone Conditioner | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recent Advancements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Pro-fragrant" Silicone Delivery Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicone-based Molecular Release of Fragrances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicone-Based Non-Releasing Delivery Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicone Technology as Delivery Systems for Personal Care Ingredients | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicone as Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technology Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicone-Based Cosmetic Formulations as Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Silicone Fluids for Controlled Volatility Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Eureka!" Moment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Silicone Technology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Volatile Silicone Fluids with Controlled Volatility | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Starch-Based Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Starch-Based Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trends | |
| |
| |
| |
| Starch Modifications: Chemical and Physical | |
| |
| |
| |
| Novel Starch-Based Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Future Innovation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thixogel: Novel Topical Delivery Systems for Hydrophobic Plant Actives | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thixogel Formulations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delivery System Technology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thixogel Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Activated Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Smart Vectorization: Enzymatically Activated Encapsulation Technologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Eureka!" Moment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limits of Current Technologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Trigger Release Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Encapsulation Technologies Applicable to Enzymatic Release | |
| |
| |
| |
| Micro- and Macrosized Particles for Enzymatically Activated Technologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties and Performance of Micro- and Nanospheres and Capsules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Perspectives and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formulations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Thinking Outside the Jars and Bottles"-Delivery Systems for Unit-Dose Topical Delivery of Complementary and/or Incompatible Actives | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Simultaneous Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sequential Delivery Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simultaneous Delivery Formulations | |
| |
| |
| Patents | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Substrate-Based Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water-Soluble Adhesive Patch Delivery Systems for Personal Care Actives | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Features and Benefits | |
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| Suggested Uses and Applications | |
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| Materials of Construction | |
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| Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| "Dry & Deliver!"-Substrate-Based, Water-Activated, Anhydrous Delivery Systems | |
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| Anhydrous Delivery Systems: An Overview | |
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| Eureka! Solid Lotion Coatings for Drying and Treating Wetted Skin | |
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| Functional Characteristics of Solid Anhydrous Formulations | |
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| Single or Multiple Active Coatings | |
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| Selection of Substrate Carrier | |
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| Marketing Benefits | |
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| Skin Care Products | |
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| Packaging | |
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| Manufacturing Methods | |
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| Summary | |
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| Formulations | |
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| Reference | |
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| Specific Ingredient Delivery | |
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| RetiSTAR for Cosmetic Formulations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Retinol: An Anti-Aging Skin Care Ingredient | |
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| Formulating Skin Treatment Products with Retinol | |
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| Advantages Over Prior Art Systems | |
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| Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Controlled Delivery and Enhancement of Topical Activity of Salicylic Acid | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Contemporary Technologies and Vehicles to Modify Delivery and Activity of Salicylic Acid | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Controlled Delivery of Hydroxyacids | |
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| Topical Use of AHAs | |
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| Amphoteric Controlled-Release Systems | |
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| Molecular Complexing Agents | |
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| Summary | |
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| Formulations | |
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| References | |
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| Efficacy and Safety | |
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| New and Emerging Testing Technology for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Personal Care Delivery Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Clinical Testing | |
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| Regulatory Oversight | |
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| Developing a Clinical Safety Plan | |
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| Preclinical Safety Data | |
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| Safety Testing Protocols | |
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| Product Testing Programs | |
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| Post-Market Surveillance | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Marketing by Design and Advertising Analysis | |
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| GraphiSenses: A New Methodology for Identifying Personal Care Opportunities | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Idea Generation | |
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| First Step: Database of Print Advertisements | |
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| Second Step: Sensory Evaluation of the Drivers | |
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| Formulations | |
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| Validation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Definitions and Methodology | |
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| Details on Sensory Analysis and Definitions | |
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| Methodology of Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Suppliers/Vendors | |
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| Trademarks | |
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| Index | |