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| List of Symbols | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Crystalline Properties of Solids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Crystal lattices and the seven crystal systems | |
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| The unit cell concept | |
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| Bravais lattices | |
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| Point groups | |
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| C[subscript s] group (plane reflection) | |
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| C[subscript n] groups (rotation) | |
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| C[subscript nh] and C[subscript nv] groups | |
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| D[subscript n] groups | |
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| D[subscript nh] and D[subscript nd] groups | |
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| C[subscript i] group | |
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| C[subscript 3i] and S[subscript 4] groups | |
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| T group | |
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| T[subscript d] group | |
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| O group | |
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| O[subscript h] group | |
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| List of crystallographic point groups | |
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| Space groups | |
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| Directions and planes in crystals: Miller indices | |
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| Real crystal structures | |
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| Diamond structure | |
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| Zinc blende structure | |
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| Sodium chloride structure | |
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| Cesium chloride structure | |
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| Hexagonal close-packed structure | |
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| Wurtzite structure | |
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| Packing factor | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electronic Structure of Atoms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spectroscopic emission lines and atomic structure of hydrogen | |
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| Atomic orbitals | |
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| Structures of atoms with many electrons | |
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| Bonds in solids | |
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| General principles | |
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| Ionic bonds | |
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| Covalent bonds | |
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| Mixed bonds | |
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| Metallic bonds | |
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| Secondary bonds | |
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| Introduction to energy bands | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Introduction to Quantum Mechanics | |
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| The quantum concepts | |
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| Blackbody radiation | |
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| The photoelectric effect | |
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| Wave-particle duality | |
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| The Davisson-Germer experiment | |
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| Elements of quantum mechanics | |
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| Basic formalism | |
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| General properties of wavefunctions and the Schrodinger equation | |
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| Simple quantum mechanical systems | |
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| Free particle | |
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| Particle in a 1-D box | |
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| Particle in a finite potential well | |
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| Reciprocal lattice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electrons and Energy Band Structures in Crystals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electrons in a crystal | |
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| Bloch theorem | |
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| One-dimensional Kronig-Penney model | |
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| Energy bands | |
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| Nearly-free electron approximation | |
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| Tight binding approximation | |
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| Heisenberg uncertainty principle | |
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| Dynamics of electrons in a crystal | |
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| Fermi energy | |
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| Electron distribution function | |
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| Electrons and holes | |
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| Band structures in real semiconductors | |
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| First Brillouin zone of an fcc lattice | |
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| First Brillouin zone of a bcc lattice | |
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| First Brillouin zones of a few semiconductors | |
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| Band structures in metals | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Low Dimensional Quantum Structures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Density of states (3D) | |
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| Direct calculation | |
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| Other approach | |
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| Two-dimensional structures: quantum wells | |
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| Energy spectrum | |
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| Density of states | |
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| Effect of effective mass | |
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| One-dimensional structures: quantum wires | |
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| Zero-dimensional structures: quantum dots | |
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| Optical properties of 3D and 2D structures | |
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| Absorption coefficient | |
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| Excitonic effects | |
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| Examples of low dimensional structures | |
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| Quantum wires | |
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| Quantum dots | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Phonons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Interaction of atoms in crystals: origin and formalism | |
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| One-dimensional monoatomic harmonic crystal | |
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| Traveling wave formalism | |
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| Boundary conditions | |
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| Phonon dispersion relation | |
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| Sound velocity | |
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| One-dimensional diatomic harmonic crystal | |
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| Formalism | |
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| Phonon dispersion relation | |
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| Extension to three-dimensional case | |
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| Phonons | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Thermal Properties of Crystals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phonon density of states (Debye model) | |
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| Debye model | |
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| Phonon density of states | |
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| Heat capacity | |
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| Lattice contribution to the heat capacity (Debye model) | |
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| Electronic contribution to the heat capacity | |
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| Thermal expansion | |
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| Thermal conductivity | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Equilibrium Charge Carrier Statistics in Semiconductors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Density of states | |
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| Effective density of states (conduction band) | |
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| Effective density of states (valence band) | |
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| Mass action law | |
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| Doping: intrinsic vs. extrinsic semiconductor | |
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| Charge neutrality | |
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| Fermi energy as a function of temperature | |
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| Carrier concentration in a semiconductor | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Non-Equilibrium Electrical Properties of Semiconductors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electrical conductivity | |
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| Ohm's law in solids | |
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| Case of semiconductors | |
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| Hall effect | |
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| P-type semiconductor | |
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| N-type semiconductor | |
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| Compensated semiconductor | |
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| Charge carrier diffusion | |
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| Diffusion currents | |
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| Einstein relations | |
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| Diffusion lengths | |
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| Quasi-Fermi energy | |
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| Carrier generation and recombination mechanisms | |
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| Carrier generation | |
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| Direct band-to-band recombination | |
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| Schokley-Read-Hall recombination | |
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| Auger band-to-band recombination | |
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| Surface recombination | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Semiconductor Junctions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ideal p-n junction at equilibrium | |
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| Ideal p-n junction | |
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| Depletion approximation | |
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| Built-in electric field | |
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| Built-in potential | |
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| Depletion width | |
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| Energy band profile and Fermi energy | |
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| Non-equilibrium properties of p-n junctions | |
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| Forward bias: a qualitative description | |
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| Reverse bias: a qualitative description | |
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| A quantiative description | |
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| Ideal p-n junction diode equation | |
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| Minority and majority carrier currents in neutral regions | |
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| Deviations from the ideal p-n diode case | |
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| Avalanche breakdown | |
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| Zener breakdown | |
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| Metal-semiconductor junctions | |
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| Formalism | |
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| Schottky and ohmic contacts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Compound Semiconductors and Crystal Growth Techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| III-V semiconductor alloys | |
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| III-V binary compounds | |
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| III-V ternary compounds | |
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| III-V quaternary compounds | |
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| Bulk single crystal growth techniques | |
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| Czochralski growth method | |
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| Bridgman growth method | |
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| Float-zone crystal growth method | |
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| Crystal wafer fabrication | |
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| Epitaxial growth techniques | |
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| Liquid phase epitaxy | |
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| Vapor phase epitaxy | |
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| Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition | |
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| Molecular beam epitaxy | |
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| Ex-situ characterization of epitaxial thin films | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Semiconductor Device Technology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Oxidation | |
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| Oxidation process | |
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| Modeling of oxidation | |
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| Factors influencing oxidation rate | |
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| Oxide thickness characterization | |
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| Diffusion of dopants | |
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| Diffusion process | |
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| Constant-source diffusion: predeposition | |
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| Limited-source diffusion: drive-in | |
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| Junction formation | |
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| Ion implantation of dopants | |
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| Ion generation | |
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| Parameters of ion implantation | |
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| Ion range distribution | |
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| Characterization of diffused and implanted layers | |
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| Sheet resistivity | |
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| Junction depth | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Semiconductor Device Processing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Photolithography | |
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| Mask fabrication | |
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| Positive and negative resists | |
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| Exposure and developing | |
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| Direct patterning and lift-off techniques | |
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| Electron-beam lithography | |
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| Electron-beam lithography system | |
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| Electron-beam lithography process | |
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| Parameters of electron-beam lithography | |
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| Multilayer resist systems | |
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| Examples of structures | |
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| Etching | |
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| Wet chemical etching | |
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| Plasma etching | |
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| Reactive ion etching | |
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| Sputter etching | |
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| Ion milling | |
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| Metallization | |
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| Metal interconnections | |
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| Vacuum evaporation | |
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| Sputtering deposition | |
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| Packaging of devices | |
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| Dicing | |
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| Wire bonding | |
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| Packaging | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Transistors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview of amplification and switching | |
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| Bipolar junction transistors | |
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| Principles of operation for bipolar junction transistors | |
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| Amplification process using BJTs | |
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| Electrical charge distribution and transport in BJTs | |
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| Current transfer ratio | |
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| Heterojunction bipolar transistors | |
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| AlGaAs/GaAs HBT | |
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| GaInP/GaAs HBT | |
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| Field effect transistors | |
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| Gate control | |
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| Current-voltage characteristics | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Semiconductor Lasers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of lasers | |
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| General laser theory | |
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| Stimulated emission | |
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| Resonant cavity | |
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| Waveguides | |
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| Laser propagation and beam divergence | |
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| Waveguide design considerations | |
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| Ruby laser | |
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| Semiconductor lasers | |
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| Population inversion | |
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| Threshold condition and output power | |
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| Homojunction Laser | |
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| Heterojunction lasers | |
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| Device Fabrication | |
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| Separate confinement and quantum well lasers | |
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| Laser packaging | |
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| Distributed feedback lasers | |
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| Material choices for common interband lasers | |
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| Quantum cascade lasers | |
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| Type II lasers | |
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| Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers | |
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| Low dimensional lasers | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Photodetectors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electromagnetic radiation | |
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| Photodetector parameters | |
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| Responsivity | |
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| Noise in photodetectors | |
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| Noise mechanisms | |
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| Detectivity | |
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| Frequency response | |
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| Thermal detectors | |
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| Photon detectors | |
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| Photoconductive detectors | |
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| Photovoltaic detectors | |
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| Detectivity in photovoltaic detectors | |
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| Examples of photon detectors | |
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| P-i-n photodiodes | |
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| Avalanche photodiodes | |
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| Schottky barrier photodiodes | |
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| Metal-semiconductor-metal photodiodes | |
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| Type II superlattice photodetectors | |
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| Quantum well intersubband photodetectors | |
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| Photoelectromagnetic detectors | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Index | |