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Preface | |
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User's Guide | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Path of Discovery Authors | |
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Foundations | |
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Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future | |
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Introduction | |
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The Origins of Neuroscience | |
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Neuroscience Today | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Neurons and Glia | |
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Introduction | |
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The Neuron Doctrine | |
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The Prototypical Neuron | |
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Classifying Neurons | |
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Glia | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Neuronal Membrane at Rest | |
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Introduction | |
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The Cast of Chemicals | |
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The Movement of Ions | |
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The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Action Potential | |
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Introduction | |
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Properties of the Action Potential | |
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The Action Potential, in Theory | |
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The Action Potential, in Reality | |
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Action Potential Conduction | |
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Action Potentials, Axons, and Dendrites | |
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Divergence and Convergence in Neurotransmitter Systems | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Structure of the Nervous System | |
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Introduction | |
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Gross Organization of the Mammalian Nervous System | |
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Understanding CNS Structure Through Development | |
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A Guide to the Cerebral Cortex | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy | |
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Sensory and Motor Systems | |
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The Chemical Senses | |
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Introduction | |
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Taste | |
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Smell | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Synaptic Transmission | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Synapses | |
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Principles of Chemical Synaptic Transmission | |
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Principles of Synaptic Integration | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Neurotransmitter Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Studying Neurotransmitter Systems | |
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Neurotransmitter Chemistry | |
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Transmitter-Gated Channels | |
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Effectors | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Eye | |
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Introduction | |
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Properties of Light | |
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The Structure of the Eye | |
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Image Formation by the Eye | |
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Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina | |
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Phototransduction | |
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Retinal Output | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Central Visual System | |
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Introduction | |
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The Retinofugal Projection | |
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The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | |
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Anatomy of the Striate Cortex | |
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Physiology of the Striate Cortex | |
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Beyond Striate Cortex | |
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From Single Neurons to Perception | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Auditory and Vestibular Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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The Nature of Sound | |
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The Structure of the Auditory System | |
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The Middle Ear | |
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The Inner Ear | |
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Central Auditory Processes | |
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Encoding Sound Intensity and Frequency | |
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Mechanisms of Sound Localization | |
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Auditory Cortex | |
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The Vestibular System | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Somatic Sensory System | |
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Introduction | |
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Touch | |
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Pain | |
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Temperature | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Spinal Control of Movement | |
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Introduction | |
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The Somatic Motor System | |
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The Lower Motor Neuron | |
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling | |
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Spinal Control of Motor Units | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Brain Control of Movement | |
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Introduction | |
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Descending Spinal Tracts | |
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The Planning of Movement by the Cerebral Cortex | |
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The Basal Ganglia | |
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The Initiation of Movement by Primary Motor Cortex | |
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The Cerebellum | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Brain and Behavior | |
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Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior | |
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Introduction | |
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The Secretory Hypothalamus | |
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The Autonomic Nervous System | |
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The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Motivation | |
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Introduction | |
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The Hypothalamus, Homeostasis, and Motivated Behavior | |
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The Long-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior | |
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The Short-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior | |
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Why Do We Eat? | |
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Other Motivated Behaviors | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Sex and the Brain | |
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Introduction | |
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Sex and Gender | |
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The Hormonal Control of Sex | |
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The Neural Basis of Sexual Behaviors | |
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Why and How Male and Female Brains Differ | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Brain Mechanisms of Emotion | |
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Introduction | |
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What is Emotion? | |
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The Limbic System Concept | |
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The Amygdala and Associated Brain Circuits | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Brain Rhythms and Sleep | |
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Introduction | |
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The Electroencephalogram | |
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Sleep | |
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Circadian Rhythms | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Language | |
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Introduction | |
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The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain | |
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Types of Aphasia | |
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Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres | |
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Language Studies using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Attention | |
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Introduction | |
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Physiological Effects of Attention | |
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How is Attention Directed? | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Mental Illness | |
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Introduction | |
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Mental Illness and the Brain | |
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Anxiety Disorders | |
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Affective Disorders | |
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Schizophrenia | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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The Changing Brain | |
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Wiring the Brain | |
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Introduction | |
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The Genesis of Neurons | |
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The Genesis of Connections | |
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The Elimination of Cells and Synapses | |
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Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement | |
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Elementary Mechanisms of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity | |
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Why Critical Periods End | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Memory Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Memory and Amnesia | |
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The Search for the Engram | |
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The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory | |
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The Striatum and Procedural Memory | |
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The Neocortex and Working Memory | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory | |
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Introduction | |
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Procedural Learning | |
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Simple Systems: Invertebrate Models of Learning | |
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Vertebrate Models of Learning | |
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The Molecular Basis of Long-Term Memory | |
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Concluding Remarks | |