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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Epidemiology, Assessment, Causes, and Risks Associated with Presence of Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Current Obesity Trends | |
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| Obesity Prevalence in the United States | |
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| Obesity Definition | |
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| How Obesity Data Are Collected | |
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| Trends in Obesity: Increasing or Levelling Off? | |
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| Extreme Obesity | |
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| Childhood Obesity | |
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| Disparities According to Sex and Ethnicity | |
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| Effects of Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Global Trends | |
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| Summary | |
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| Assessment of Body Weight and Body Composition | |
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| Anthropometric Assessment of Optimal Body Weight | |
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| Height-Weight Tables | |
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| Calculating Ideal Body Weight | |
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| Comprehensive and Consistent Assessment of Overweight and Obesity Recommended by National Institutes of Health (NIH) | |
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| How is BMI Useful? | |
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| Calculating BMI | |
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| BMI Categories | |
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| BMI Variation According to Ethnicity | |
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| BMI Limitations | |
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| Assessment of Body Composition and Fat Distribution | |
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| Air and Water Displacement Techniques | |
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| Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) | |
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| Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) | |
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| Skinfold Measurement | |
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| What Is a Normal Body Fat Percentage? | |
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| Is Waist Circumference Measurement Better at Assessing Risk Than BMI? | |
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| Presence of Other Risk Factors or Disease Comorbidities | |
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| Methods to Assess Childhood and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Causes of Obesity | |
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| Factors That Contribute to Obesity | |
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| Energy Balance | |
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| Metabolic Rate | |
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| Energy Expenditure Terminology, Measurement, and Equations | |
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| Equations for Calculation of BMR | |
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| Thermic Effect of Food | |
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| Energy Used During Physical Activity | |
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| Environmental Contributors to Increased Energy Intake | |
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| Food Availability | |
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| Beverages Add More Calories | |
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| Increased Portion Sizes | |
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| Eating Away from Home | |
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| Impact of Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Reduced Opportunity for Physical Activity | |
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| Metabolic and Genetic Contributions to Eating Behavior | |
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| Homeostatic Controls | |
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| Hendonic Systems | |
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| Genetic Contributions to Obesity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity | |
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| Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity | |
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| Characteristics of Obesity Comorbidities | |
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| An Increase in Frequency and Severity of the Disease Occurs When Adiposity Is Present | |
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| An Improvement or Resolution of the Disease Occurs with Weight Loss | |
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| A Plausible Explanation Exists for the Association of Obesity with the Disease State | |
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| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome | |
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| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | |
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| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | |
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| Type 2 Diabetes | |
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| Cardiovascular Disease | |
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| Respiratory Disease | |
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| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | |
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| Asthma | |
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| Malignancies | |
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| Musculoskeletal Disorders | |
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| Longevity | |
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| Controversies About Obesity and Longevity | |
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| Psychosocial Correlates of Obesity | |
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| Quality of Life | |
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| Discrimination and Bias | |
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| Psychological Implications | |
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| Economic Costs of Obesity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Strategies and Research for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention | |
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| Dietary Interventions for Obesity Prevention and Management | |
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| Energy Requirements for Weight Management | |
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| Dietary Recommendations for Weights Management | |
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| Food Groups and Energy Density | |
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| Fruits and Vegetables Food Group | |
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| Grains Food Group | |
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| Dairy Food Group | |
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| Protein Food Group | |
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| Solid Fats and Added Sugars | |
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| Alcoholic Beverages | |
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| Portion Control | |
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| Food Labels | |
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| Timing of Meals | |
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| Specific Diet Plans | |
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| Calorie-Reduced Diets | |
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| Recommended Macronutrient Distribution | |
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| Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate, High-Fiber Diets | |
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| High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diets | |
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| Medically Supervised Very-Low-Calorie Diets | |
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| Research Comparison of Diets | |
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| Popular Diet Plans | |
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| How Do We Know What Works? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Physical Activity | |
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| Energy Balance and Physical Activity | |
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| Definitions of Physical Activity | |
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| Trends in Physical Activity | |
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| How Physical Activity Data Are Collected | |
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| Recommendations for Physical Activity | |
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| Physical Activity for Good Health, Fitness, and Prevention of Obesity | |
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| Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Youth | |
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| Physical Activity for Weight Loss | |
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| Physical Activity to Prevent Weight Regain | |
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| Physical Activity and the National Weight Control Registry Participants | |
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| Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Physical Activity | |
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| Metabolic Health | |
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| Risks | |
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| Costs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Pharmacologic Agents in Obesity Management | |
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| Medications for Weight Loss | |
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| Incidence: How Many People Use Weight-Loss Medications? | |
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| How Are Prescription Weight-Loss Medications Regulated? | |
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| Pharmacological Mechanisms of Prescription Weight-Loss Medications | |
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| Products That Work Systematically as Appetite Suppressants | |
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| Products That Inhibit Absorption of Fat from the Gastrointestinal Tract | |
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| Availability of Prescription Medications for Weight Loss/Management | |
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| Appetite Suppressants | |
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| Lipase Inhibitors | |
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| Other Types of Medications Used for Obesity Treatment | |
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| Potential Benefits of Weight-Loss Medications | |
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| Potential Risks Associated with Weight-Loss Medications | |
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| Treatment Guidelines | |
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| Will Insurance Cover the Cost of Weight-Loss Medications? | |
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| Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications for Weight Loss/Management | |
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| Dietary Supplement Therapies for Weight Loss | |
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| Supplements Regulation and FDA Oversight | |
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| How is Advertising of Weight-Loss Products Regulated? | |
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| Red Flag Campaign | |
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| Summary | |
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| Surgical Options for Obesity | |
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| Surgery for Severe Obesity | |
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| History | |
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| Incidence | |
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| Indications | |
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| Age Limits | |
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| Contraindications | |
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| Before Surgery | |
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| Weight Loss Before Surgery | |
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| Categories of Procedures | |
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| Malabsorptive Versus Restyrictive | |
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| Open Versus Laparoscopic | |
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| Gastric Bypass Surgery | |
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| Complications and Risks of Gastric Bypass Surgery | |
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| Centers of Excellence | |
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| Benefits/Outcomes of Gastric Bypass Surgery | |
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| Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding | |
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| Outcomes Associated with Gastric Banding | |
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| Long-Term Success | |
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| Insurance Coverage and Accessibility | |
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| Future Techniques | |
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| Summary | |
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| Behavioral Aspects of Weight Management | |
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| Behavior Therapy Assumptions and Characteristics | |
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| Assess Readiness to Lose Weight | |
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| Set Goals | |
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| SMART Goals for Weight Management | |
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| Realistic Expectations | |
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| Apply Behavior Modification Techniques | |
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| Self-Monitoring | |
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| Stimulus Control | |
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| Cognitive Behavior Therapy | |
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| Social Support Network | |
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| Treatment Delivery Options | |
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| Individual Versus Group Therapy | |
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| Internet-Based Programs | |
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| Long-Term Weight Maintenance | |
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| Health at Every Size | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where Does Responsibility Lie? | |
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| Where Does Responsibility Lie? | |
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| Individuals | |
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| Families | |
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| Environment: Food and Physical Activity Accessibility | |
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| Schools | |
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| Worksites | |
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| Advertising | |
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| Stakeholder Responses to Obesity Issues | |
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| Healthcare Providers | |
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| Schools | |
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| Worksites | |
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| Public Health | |
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| State and Community Government and Organizations | |
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| National Programs | |
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| Industry | |
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| Summary | |
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| New Insights and Future Directions in Obesity Research | |
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| New Insights for Future Obesity Research | |
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| Links Between Intenstinal Bacteria and Obesity | |
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| Introduction to Microbiota | |
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| Variations in Microbiota | |
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| Mechanisms of Action Related to Obesity | |
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| New Discoveries Based on Microbial DNA Sequencing | |
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| Viruses Potentially Causes Obesity | |
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| Viruses and Obesity in Animals | |
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| Adenovirus-36 | |
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| Viruses and Obesity in Humans | |
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| Areas for Future Research | |
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| Environmental Obesogens | |
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| Obesogen Exposure | |
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| Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Mechanisms of Action | |
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| Embryonic and Perinatal Exposures | |
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| Sleep Disturbances and Energy Balance | |
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| Changes in Sleep over Time | |
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| Variations in Measurement of Sleep Duration | |
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| Causes of Short Sleep | |
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| Studies Relating Sleep Duration to Obesity | |
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| Obesity Spreads Within Social Networks | |
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| Framingham Heart Study Social Network | |
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| Study Results | |
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| Reasons for Social Influence on Obesity | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |