| |
| |
Preface to the First Edition | |
| |
| |
Preface to the Second Edition | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
Prologue | |
| |
| |
| |
What is Public Health? | |
| |
| |
| |
Public Health: Science, Politics, and Prevention | |
| |
| |
What Is Public Health? | |
| |
| |
Public Health versus Medical Care | |
| |
| |
The Sciences of Public Health | |
| |
| |
Prevention and Intervention | |
| |
| |
Public Health and Terrorism | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Why Is Public Health Controversial? | |
| |
| |
Economic Impact | |
| |
| |
Individual Liberty | |
| |
| |
Moral and Religious Opposition | |
| |
| |
Political Interference with Science | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Powers and Responsibilities of Government | |
| |
| |
Federal versus State Authority | |
| |
| |
How the Law Works | |
| |
| |
How Public Health Is Organized and Paid For in the United States | |
| |
| |
Local Public Health Agencies | |
| |
| |
State Health Departments | |
| |
| |
Federal Agencies Involved with Public Health | |
| |
| |
Nongovernmental Role in Public Health | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Analytical Methods of Public Health | |
| |
| |
| |
Epidemiology: The Basic Science of Public Health | |
| |
| |
How Epidemiology Works | |
| |
| |
A Typical Epidemiologic Investigation: Outbreak of Hepatitis | |
| |
| |
Legionnaires' Disease | |
| |
| |
Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome | |
| |
| |
Epidemiology and the Causes of Chronic Disease | |
| |
| |
Heart Disease | |
| |
| |
Lung Cancer | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Epidemiologic Principles and Methods | |
| |
| |
Kinds of Epidemiologic Studies | |
| |
| |
Intervention Studies | |
| |
| |
Cohort Studies | |
| |
| |
Case-Control Studies | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems and Limits of Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
Problems with Studying Humans | |
| |
| |
Sources of Error | |
| |
| |
Proving Cause and Effect | |
| |
| |
Epidemiologic Studies of Hormone Replacement Therapy-Confusing Results | |
| |
| |
Ethics in Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistics: Making Sense of Uncertainty | |
| |
| |
The Uncertainty of Science | |
| |
| |
Probability | |
| |
| |
The Statistics of Screening Tests | |
| |
| |
Rates and Other Calculated Statistics | |
| |
| |
Risk Assessment and Risk Perception | |
| |
| |
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Other Evaluation Methods | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Role of Data in Public Health | |
| |
| |
Vital Statistics | |
| |
| |
The Census | |
| |
| |
NCHS Surveys and Other Sources of Health Data | |
| |
| |
Is So Much Data Really Necessary? | |
| |
| |
Accuracy and Availability of Data | |
| |
| |
Confidentiality of Data | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Biomedical Basis of Public Health | |
| |
| |
| |
The "Conquest" of Infectious Diseases | |
| |
| |
Infectious Agents | |
| |
| |
Means of Transmission | |
| |
| |
Chain of Infection | |
| |
| |
Rabies | |
| |
| |
Smallpox, Measles, and Polio | |
| |
| |
Fear of Vaccines | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Resurgence of Infectious Diseases | |
| |
| |
The Biomedical Basis of AIDS | |
| |
| |
Other Emerging Viruses | |
| |
| |
Influenza | |
| |
| |
New Bacterial Threats | |
| |
| |
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis | |
| |
| |
Prions | |
| |
| |
Public Health Response to Emerging Infections | |
| |
| |
Public Health and the Threat of Bioterrorism | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Biomedical Basis of Chronic Diseases | |
| |
| |
Cardiovascular Disease | |
| |
| |
Cancer | |
| |
| |
Diabetes | |
| |
| |
Other Chronic Diseases | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Genetic Diseases and Other Inborn Errors | |
| |
| |
Environmental Teratogens | |
| |
| |
Genetic and Newborn Screening Programs | |
| |
| |
Genomic Medicine | |
| |
| |
Ethical Issues and Genetic Diseases | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Social and Behavioral Factors in Health | |
| |
| |
| |
Do People Choose Their Own Health? | |
| |
| |
Education | |
| |
| |
Regulation | |
| |
| |
Does Prohibition Work? | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
How Psychosocial Factors Affect Health Behavior | |
| |
| |
Health of Minority Populations | |
| |
| |
Stress and Social Support | |
| |
| |
Psychological Models of Health Behavior | |
| |
| |
Ecological Model of Health Behavior | |
| |
| |
Health Promotion Programs | |
| |
| |
Changing the Environment | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Tobacco-Public Health Enemy Number One | |
| |
| |
Biomedical Basis of Smoking's Harmful Effects | |
| |
| |
Historical Trends in Smoking and Health | |
| |
| |
Regulatory Restrictions on Smoking-New Focus on Environmental Tobacco Smoke | |
| |
| |
Emphasis on Youth-Advertising | |
| |
| |
Taxes as a Public Health Measure | |
| |
| |
California's Tobacco Control Program | |
| |
| |
The Master Settlement Agreement | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Public Health Threat Number Two and Growing: Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity | |
| |
| |
Epidemiology of Obesity | |
| |
| |
Diet and Nutrition | |
| |
| |
Promoting Healthy Eating | |
| |
| |
Physical Activity and Health | |
| |
| |
How Much Exercise Is Enough, and How Much Do People Get? | |
| |
| |
Promoting Physical Activity | |
| |
| |
Confronting the Obesity Epidemic | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Injuries Are Not Accidents | |
| |
| |
Epidemiology of Injuries | |
| |
| |
Analyzing Injuries | |
| |
| |
Motor Vehicle Injuries | |
| |
| |
Pedestrians, Motorcyclists, and Bicyclists | |
| |
| |
Firearms Injury-Still Number Two | |
| |
| |
Occupational Injuries | |
| |
| |
Tertiary Prevention | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Maternal and Child Health as a Social Problem | |
| |
| |
Maternal and Infant Mortality | |
| |
| |
Infant Mortality: Health Problem or Social Problem? | |
| |
| |
Preventing Infant Mortality | |
| |
| |
Family Planning and Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
Nutrition of Women and Children | |
| |
| |
Children's Health and Safety | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Environmental Issues in Public Health | |
| |
| |
| |
A Clean Environment: The Basis of Public Health | |
| |
| |
Role of Government in Environmental Health | |
| |
| |
Identification of Hazards | |
| |
| |
Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals | |
| |
| |
Occupational Exposures: Workers as Guinea Pigs | |
| |
| |
New Source of Pollution: Factory Farms | |
| |
| |
Setting Standards: How Safe Is Safe? | |
| |
| |
Risk-Benefit Analysis | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Clean Air: Is It Safe to Breathe? | |
| |
| |
Criteria Air Pollutants | |
| |
| |
Strategies for Meeting Standards | |
| |
| |
Indoor Air Quality | |
| |
| |
Global Effects of Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Clean Water: A Limited Resource | |
| |
| |
Clean Water Act | |
| |
| |
Safe Drinking Water | |
| |
| |
Dilemmas in Compliance | |
| |
| |
Is the Water Supply Running Out? | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Solid and Hazardous Wastes: What To Do With the Garbage? | |
| |
| |
Sanitary Landfills | |
| |
| |
Alternatives to Landfills | |
| |
| |
Hazardous Wastes | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Safe Food and Drugs: An Ongoing Regulatory Battle | |
| |
| |
Causes of Food-Borne Illness | |
| |
| |
Government Action to Prevent Food-Borne Disease | |
| |
| |
Additives and Contaminants | |
| |
| |
Drugs and Cosmetics | |
| |
| |
Food and Drug Labeling and Advertising | |
| |
| |
Politics of the FDA | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Population: The Ultimate Environmental Health Issue | |
| |
| |
Public Health and Population Growth | |
| |
| |
Global Impact of Population Growth-Depletion of Resources | |
| |
| |
Global Impact of Population Growth-Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Dire Predictions and Fragile Hope | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Medical Care and Public Health | |
| |
| |
| |
Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue? | |
| |
| |
When Medical Care is a Public Health Responsibility | |
| |
| |
The Conflict between Public Health and the Medical Profession | |
| |
| |
Licensing and Regulation | |
| |
| |
Ethical and Legal Issues in Medical Care | |
| |
| |
Ethical Issues in Medical Resource Allocation | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform | |
| |
| |
Why Do Costs Keep Rising? | |
| |
| |
Approaches to Controlling Medical Costs | |
| |
| |
Managed Care-Not a Panacea | |
| |
| |
Rationing | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Services Research: Finding What Works | |
| |
| |
Reasons for Practice Variations | |
| |
| |
The Field of Dreams Effect | |
| |
| |
Outcomes Research | |
| |
| |
Quality | |
| |
| |
Medical Care Report Cards | |
| |
| |
Inequities in Medical Care | |
| |
| |
The Relative Importance of Medical Care for Public Health | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Public Health and the Aging Population | |
| |
| |
The Aging of the Population-Trends | |
| |
| |
Health Status of the Older Population | |
| |
| |
General Approaches to Maximizing Health in Old Age | |
| |
| |
Preventing Disease and Disability in Old Age | |
| |
| |
Medications | |
| |
| |
Osteoporosis | |
| |
| |
Falls | |
| |
| |
Impairment of Vision and Hearing | |
| |
| |
Oral Health | |
| |
| |
Alzheimer's and Other Dementias | |
| |
| |
Medical Costs of the Elderly | |
| |
| |
Proposals for Rationing | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Future of Public Health | |
| |
| |
| |
Emergency Preparedness, Post-9/11 | |
| |
| |
Types of Disasters and Public Health Responses | |
| |
| |
New York's Response to the World Trade Center Attacks | |
| |
| |
Principles of Emergency Planning and Preparedness | |
| |
| |
Bioterrorism Preparedness | |
| |
| |
Smallpox | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Public Health in the Twenty-First Century: Achievements and Challenges | |
| |
| |
Challenges for the Twenty-First Century | |
| |
| |
Strategic Planning for Public Health | |
| |
| |
Hope for the Integration of Public Health and Medical Practice | |
| |
| |
Information Technology | |
| |
| |
The Challenge of Biotechnology | |
| |
| |
The Ultimate Challenge to Public Health in the Twenty-First Century | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Index | |