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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Fundamentals of open-channel flow | |
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Geometric elements of open channels | |
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Velocity and discharge | |
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Hydrostatic pressure | |
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Mass, momentum and energy transfer in open-channel flow | |
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Mass transfer | |
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Momentum transfer | |
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Energy transfer | |
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Open-channel flow classification | |
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Conservation laws | |
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Conservation of mass | |
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Conservation of momentum | |
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Conservation of energy | |
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Steady flow equations | |
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Steady spatially-varied flow equations | |
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Comparison and use of momentum and energy equations | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Energy and momentum principles | |
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Critical flow | |
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Froude number | |
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Calculation of critical depth | |
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Applications of energy principle for steady flow | |
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Energy equation | |
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Specific energy diagram for constant discharge | |
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Discharge diagram for constant specific energy | |
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Specific energy in rectangular channels | |
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Choking of flow | |
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Applications of momentum principle for steady flow | |
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Momentum equation | |
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Specific momentum diagram for constant discharge | |
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Discharge diagram for constant specific momentum | |
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Hydraulic jump | |
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Specific momentum in rectangular channels | |
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Hydraulic jump in rectangular channels | |
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Choking and momentum principle | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Normal flow | |
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Flow resistance | |
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Boundary layer and flow resistance | |
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The Darcy-Weisbach equation | |
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The Chezy equation | |
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The Manning formula | |
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Normal flow equation | |
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Normal depth calculations in uniform channels | |
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Normal depth calculations in grass-lined channels | |
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Normal depth calculations in riprap channels | |
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Normal flow in composite channels | |
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Normal flow in compound channels | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Gradually-varied flow | |
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Classification of channels for gradually-varied flow | |
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Classification of gradually-varied flow profiles | |
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Significance of Froude number in gradually-varied flow calculations | |
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Qualitative determination of expected gradually-varied flow profiles | |
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Gradually-varied flow computations | |
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Direct step method | |
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Standard step method | |
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Applications of gradually-varied flow | |
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Locating hydraulic jumps | |
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Lake and channel problems | |
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Two-lake problems | |
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Effect of choking on water surface profile | |
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Gradually-varied flow in channel systems | |
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Gradually-varied flow in natural channels | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Design of open channels | |
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General design considerations | |
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Design of unlined channels | |
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Maximum permissible velocity method | |
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Tractive force method | |
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Channel bends | |
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Design of channels with flexible linings | |
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Design of channels lined with vegetal cover | |
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Design of riprap channels | |
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Temporary flexible linings | |
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Design of rigid boundary channels | |
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Experience curve approach | |
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Best hydraulic section approach | |
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Minimum lining cost approach | |
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Channel design for non-uniform flow | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Hydraulic structures | |
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Flow measurement structures | |
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Sharp-crested weirs | |
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Broad-crested weirs | |
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Flumes | |
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Culverts | |
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Inlet control flow | |
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Outlet control flow | |
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Sizing of culverts | |
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Overflow spillways | |
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Shape for uncontrolled ogee crest | |
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Discharge over an uncontrolled ogee crest | |
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Discharge over gate-controlled ogee crests | |
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Stilling basins | |
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Position of hydraulic jump | |
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Hydraulic jump characteristics | |
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Standard stilling basin designs | |
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Channel transitions | |
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Channel transitions for subcritical flow | |
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Channel transitions for supercritical flow | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Bridge hydraulics | |
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Modeling bridge sections | |
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Cross-section locations | |
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Low-flow types at bridge sites | |
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Low-flow calculations at bridge sites | |
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High-flow calculations at bridge sites | |
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Evaluating scour at bridges | |
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Contraction scour | |
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Local scour at piers | |
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Local scour at abutments | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Introduction to unsteady open-channel flow | |
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Governing equations | |
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Numerical solution methods | |
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Explicit finite difference schemes | |
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Implicit finite difference schemes | |
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Special considerations | |
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Channel systems | |
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Approximate unsteady-flow models | |
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Diffusion-wave model for unsteady flow | |
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Finite difference equations | |
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Solution of finite difference equations | |
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Simple channel-routing methods | |
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The Muskingum method | |
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The Muskingum-Cunge method | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Index | |