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| An Introduction to Crystal Structures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Close-packing | |
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| Body-centred and Primitive Structures | |
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| Symmetry | |
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| Axes of Symmetry | |
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| Planes of Symmetry | |
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| Inversion | |
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| Inversion Axes and Improper Symmetry Axes | |
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| Symmetry in Crystals | |
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| Lattices and Unit Cells | |
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| Lattices | |
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| One- and Two-dimensional Unit Cells | |
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| Translational Symmetry Elements | |
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| Three-dimensional Unit Cells | |
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| Miller Indices | |
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| Interplanar Spacings | |
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| Packing Diagrams | |
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| Crystalline solids | |
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| Ionic Solids with Formula MX | |
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| Solids with General Formula MX[subscript 2] | |
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| Other Important Crystal Structures | |
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| Ionic Radii | |
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| Extended Covalent Arrays | |
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| Bonding In Crystals | |
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| Atomic Radii | |
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| Molecular Structures | |
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| Silicates | |
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| Lattice Energy | |
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| The Born-Haber Cycle | |
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| Calculating Lattice Energies | |
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| Calculations Using Thermochemical Cycles and Lattice Energies | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions | |
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| Physical Methods for Characterizing Solids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| X-ray Diffraction | |
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| Generation of X-rays | |
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| Diffraction of X-rays | |
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| Powder Diffraction | |
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| Powder Diffraction Patterns | |
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| Absences Due to Lattice Centring | |
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| Systematic Absences Due to Screw Axes and Glide Planes | |
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| Uses of Powder X-ray Diffraction | |
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| Single Cystal X-ray Diffraction | |
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| The Importance of Intensities | |
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| Solving Single Crystal Structures | |
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| Neutron Diffraction | |
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| Uses of Neutron Diffraction | |
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| Electron Microscopy | |
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| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | |
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| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | |
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| Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) | |
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| Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) | |
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| X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy | |
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| Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) | |
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| X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) | |
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| Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MAS NMR) | |
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| Thermal Analysis | |
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| Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) | |
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| Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) | |
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| Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) | |
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| Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) | |
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| Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) | |
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| Other Techniques | |
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| Questions | |
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| Preparative Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| High Temperature Ceramic Methods | |
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| Direct Heating of Solids | |
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| Reducing the Particle Size and Lowering the Temperature | |
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| Microwave Synthesis | |
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| The High Temperature Superconductor YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7-x] | |
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| Combustion Synthesis | |
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| High Pressure Methods | |
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| Hydrothermal Methods | |
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| High Pressure Gases | |
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| Hydrostatic Pressures | |
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| Synthetic Diamonds | |
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| High Temperature Superconductors | |
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| Harder Than Diamond | |
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| Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) | |
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| Preparation of Semiconductors | |
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| Diamond Films | |
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| Lithium Niobate | |
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| Preparing Single Crystals | |
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| Epitaxy Methods | |
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| Chemical Vapour Transport | |
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| Solution Methods | |
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| Intercalation | |
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| Graphite Intercalation Compounds | |
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| Titanium Disulfide | |
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| Pillared Clays | |
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| Choosing a Method | |
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| Questions | |
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| Bonding in Solids and Electronic Properties | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Bonding in Solids - Free Electron Theory | |
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| Electronic Conductivity | |
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| Bonding in Solids - Molecular Orbital Theory | |
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| Simple Metals | |
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| Semiconductors - Si and Ge | |
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| Photoconductivity | |
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| Doped Semiconductors | |
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| The p-n Junction - Field-Effect Transistors | |
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| Bands in Compounds - Gallium Arsenide | |
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| Bands in d-BlockCompounds - Transition Metal Monoxides | |
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| Questions | |
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| Defects and Non-Stoichiometry | |
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| Point Defects - An Introduction | |
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| Defects and their Concentration | |
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| Intrinsic Defects | |
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| The Concentration of Defects | |
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| Extrinsic Defects | |
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| Ionic Conductivity in Solids | |
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| Solid Electrolytes | |
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| Fast-ion Conductors: Silver Ion Conductors | |
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| Fast-ion Conductors: Oxygen Ion Conductors | |
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| Fast-ion Conductors: Sodium Ion Conductors | |
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| Applications | |
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| Photography | |
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| Colour Centres | |
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| Non-stoichiometric Compounds | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Non-stoichiometry in Wustite | |
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| Uranium Dioxide | |
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| The Titanium Monoxide Structure | |
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| Planar Defects | |
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| Crystallographic Shear Planes | |
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| Planar Intergrowths | |
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| Three-dimensional Defects | |
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| Block Structures | |
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| Pentagonal Columns | |
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| Infinitely Adaptive Structures | |
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| Electronic Properties of Non-stoichiometric Oxides | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Questions | |
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| Carbon-Based Electronics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Polyacetylene and Related Polymers | |
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| The Discovery of Polyacetylene | |
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| Bonding in Polyacetylene and Related Polymers | |
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| Organic LEDs | |
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| Molecular Metals | |
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| One-dimensional Molecular Metals | |
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| Two-dimensional Molecular Metals | |
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| Polymers and Ionic Conduction - Rechargeable Lithium Batteries | |
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| Carbon | |
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| Graphite | |
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| Intercalation Compounds of Graphite | |
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| Buckminster Fullerene | |
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| Questions | |
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| |
| Zeolites and Related Structures | |
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| |
| Introduction | |
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| Composition and Structure | |
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| Frameworks | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Si/Al Ratios | |
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| Exchangeable Cations | |
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| Channels and Cavities | |
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| Synthesis of Zeolites | |
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| Structure Determination | |
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| Uses of Zeolites | |
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| Dehydrating Agents | |
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| Zeolites As Ion Exchangers | |
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| Zeolites As Adsorbents | |
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| Zeolites As Catalysts | |
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| |
| Mesoporous Aluminosilicate Structures | |
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| Other Framework Structures | |
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| New Materials | |
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| Clay Minerals | |
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| Postscript | |
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| Questions | |
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| Optical Properties of Solids | |
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| |
| Introduction | |
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| |
| The Interaction of Light with Atoms | |
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| |
| The Ruby Laser | |
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| Phosphors in Fluorescent Lights | |
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| Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Semiconductors | |
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| Light-Emitting Diodes | |
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| The Gallium Arsenide Laser | |
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| |
| Quantum Wells - Blue Lasers | |
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| |
| Optical Fibres | |
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| Photonic Crystals | |
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| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Magnetic and Dielectric Properties | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
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| |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
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| |
| Paramagnetism in Metal Complexes | |
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| |
| Ferromagnetic Metals | |
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| |
| Ferromagnetic Domains | |
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| |
| Permanent Magnets | |
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| |
| Ferromagnetic Compounds - Chromium Dioxide | |
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| |
| Audiotapes | |
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| Antiferromagnetism - Transition Metal Monoxides | |
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| |
| Ferrimagnetism - Ferrites | |
| |
| |
| Giant, Tunnelling, and Colossal Magnetoresistance | |
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| |
| Giant Magnetoresistance | |
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| |
| Hard Disk Read Heads | |
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| |
| Tunnelling and Colossal Magnetoresistance | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Polarisation | |
| |
| |
| Piezoelectric Crystals - [alpha]-quartz | |
| |
| |
| The Ferroelectric Effect | |
| |
| |
| Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Superconductivity | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Conventional Superconductors | |
| |
| |
| The Discovery of Superconductors | |
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| |
| The Magnetic Properties of Superconductors | |
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| |
| Josephson Effects | |
| |
| |
| The BCS Theory of Superconductivity | |
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| |
| High Temperature Superconductors | |
| |
| |
| The Crystal Structures of High Temperature Superconductors | |
| |
| |
| Theory of High T[subscript c] Superconductors | |
| |
| |
| Ferromagnetic Superconductors | |
| |
| |
| Uses of High Temperature Superconductors | |
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| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Nanoscience | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Consequences of the Nanoscale | |
| |
| |
| Nanoparticle Morphology | |
| |
| |
| Electronic Structure | |
| |
| |
| Optical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Magnetic Properties | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Melting | |
| |
| |
| Examples | |
| |
| |
| One-dimensional Nanomaterials | |
| |
| |
| Two-dimensional Nanomaterials | |
| |
| |
| Three-dimensional Nanomaterials | |
| |
| |
| Manipulating Atoms and Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy | |
| |
| |
| Atomic Force Microscopy | |
| |
| |
| Nanostencils | |
| |
| |
| Optical Tweezers | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Lithography | |
| |
| |
| Data Storage | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Answers Odd Number Questions | |