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| Anatomy, Biomechanics, Epidemiology, and Sources of Spinal Pain | |
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| Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Cervical and Lumbar Spine | |
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| Cervical Spine | |
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| Lumbar Spine | |
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| Retroperitoneal Abdominal Structures Neighboring the Lumbosacral Spine and Surface Anatomy | |
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| Biomechanics of the Lumbosacral Spine | |
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| Epidemiology of Neck and Low Back Pain | |
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| Prevalence of Neck Pain | |
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| Prevalence of Cervical Disc Herniations and Arm Pain | |
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| Occupational Neck Pain | |
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| Prevalence of Whiplash Injuries | |
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| Long-Term Outcome of Neck Pain | |
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| Prevalence of Low Back Pain | |
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| Prevalence of Sciatica and Disc Herniations | |
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| General Risk Factors | |
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| Occupational Risk Factors | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources of Spinal Pain | |
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| Pain--The Fifth Vital Sign | |
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| Pain Production and Transmission | |
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| Clinical Interpretation of Spinal Pain | |
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| Summary | |
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| Clinical Evaluation of Neck and Low Back Pain | |
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| History | |
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| Taking the History | |
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| Family History | |
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| Occupational/Social History | |
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| Past Medical History | |
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| Review of Systems | |
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| Present Illness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Physical Examination | |
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| Medical Emergencies | |
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| General Medical Examination | |
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| Examination of the Cervical Spine | |
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| Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Syndromes | |
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| Examination of Related Areas | |
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| Examination of the Lumbosacral Spine | |
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| Functional Disorders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Laboratory Tests | |
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| Acute-Phase Reactants | |
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| Hematologic Tests | |
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| Immunologic Tests | |
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| Urinalysis | |
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| Miscellaneous Tests | |
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| Biopsy Specimens | |
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| Summary | |
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| Radiographic Evaluation | |
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| Plain Roentgenograms of the Cervical Spine | |
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| Plain Roentgenograms of the Lumbosacral Spine | |
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| Radionuclide Imaging (Bone Scan) | |
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| Myelography | |
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| Computed Tomography | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| Discography | |
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| Spinal Angiography | |
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| Closed Biopsy of the Spine | |
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| Bone Densitometry | |
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| Normal Roentgenographic Variants | |
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| Pitfalls of Radiographic Evaluation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Miscellaneous Evaluations | |
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| Electrodiagnostic Studies | |
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| Thermography | |
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| Differential Nerve Blocks | |
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| A Standardized Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Pain | |
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| Low Back Pain | |
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| Low Back Pain (LBP) Algorithm | |
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| Medical Evaluation Algorithm for Low Back Pain | |
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| Neck Pain | |
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| Neck Pain Algorithm | |
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| Medical Evluation Algorithm for Neck Pain | |
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| Diseases Associated with Spinal Pain | |
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| Mechanical Disorders of the Spine | |
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| Low Back/Neck (Spinal) Strain | |
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| Acute Herniated Nucleus Pulposus | |
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| Lumbar Spondylosis/Cervical Spondylosis Osteoarthritis | |
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| Lumbar Spinal Stenosis | |
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| Cervical Myelopathy | |
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| Cervical Hyperextension Injuries (Whiplash) | |
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| Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis | |
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| Adult Scoliosis | |
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| Rheumatologic Disorders of the Spine | |
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis | |
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| Psoriatic Arthritis | |
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| Reactive Arthritis | |
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| Enteropathic Arthritis | |
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| Behcet's Syndrome | |
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| Whipple's Disease | |
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| Familial Mediterranean Fever | |
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| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | |
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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| Vertebral Osteochondritis | |
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| Osteitis Condensans Ilii | |
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| Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis | |
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| Polymyalgia Rheumatica | |
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| Fibromyalgia | |
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| Infections of the Spine | |
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| Vertebral Osteomyelitis | |
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| Intervertebral Disc Space Infection | |
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| Pyogenic Sacroiliitis | |
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| Meningitis | |
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| Herpes Zoster | |
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| Lyme Disease | |
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| Tumors and Infiltrative Lesions of the Spine | |
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| Bening Tumors | |
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| Osteoid Osteoma | |
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| Osteoblastoma | |
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| Osteochondroma | |
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| Giant Cell Tumor | |
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| Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | |
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| Hemangioma | |
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| Eosinophilic Granuloma | |
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| Gaucher's Disease | |
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| Sacroiliac Lipoma | |
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| Malignant Tumors | |
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| Multiple Myeloma | |
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| Chondrosarcoma | |
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| Chordoma | |
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| Lymphoma | |
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| Skeletal Metastases | |
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| Intraspinal Neoplasms | |
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| Endocrinologic and Metabolic Disorders of the Spine | |
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| Osteoporosis | |
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| Osteomalacia | |
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| Parathyroid Disease | |
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| Pituitary Disease | |
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| Microcrystalline Disease | |
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| Ochronosis | |
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| Fluorosis | |
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| Heritable Genetic Disorders | |
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| Hematologic Disorders of the Spine | |
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| Hemoglobinopathies | |
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| Myelofibrosis | |
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| Mastocytosis | |
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| Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders of the Spine | |
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| Neurologic Disorders | |
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| Psychiatric Disorders, Chronic Pain, and Malingering | |
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| Referred Pain | |
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| Cardiovascular Diseases | |
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| Lumbosacral Spine | |
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| Cervical Spine | |
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| Genitourinary Diseases | |
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| Gastrointestinal Diseases | |
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| Lumbosacral Spine | |
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| Lumbosacral/Cervical Spine | |
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| Cervical Spine | |
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| Miscellaneous Diseases | |
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| Paget's Disease of Bone | |
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| Infective Endocarditis | |
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| Vertebral Sarcoidosis | |
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| Retroperitoneal Fibrosis | |
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| Therapy | |
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| Medical Therapy | |
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| Controlled Physical Activity (Bed Rest) | |
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| Traction | |
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| Physical Modalities | |
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| Lumbar Corsets and Braces | |
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| Cervical Orthoses | |
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| Physical Therapy and Exercises--Lumbar Spine | |
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| Physical Therapy and Exercises--Cervical Spine | |
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| Injection Therapy | |
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| NSAIDs, Analgesics, and Narcotics | |
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| Muscle Relaxants | |
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| Antidepressants | |
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| Miscellaneous Medications | |
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| Electrotherapy | |
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| Patient Education | |
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| Back School | |
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| Work-Related Educational Programs | |
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| Complementary (Alternative) Therapies | |
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| Manipulation | |
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| Magnets/Bracelets | |
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| Acupuncture | |
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| Mind-Body Therapies | |
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| Homeopathy | |
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| Herbal Therapies/Nutritional Supplements | |
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| Tryptophan | |
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| Recommended Therapeutic Regimen--Spinal Pain | |
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| Surgical Therapy | |
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| Indications for Cervical Spine Surgery | |
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| Indications for Lumbar Spine Surgery | |
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| Multiple Operations on the Lumbar Spine | |
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| Low Back Pain | |
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| Differential Diagnosis of Low Back Pain | |
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| Neck Pain | |
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| Differential Diagnosis of Neck Pain | |
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| Index | |