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| Radiation Basics | |
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| Radiation History | |
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| Dentistry and X-radiation | |
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| Basic Terminology | |
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| Importance of Dental Radiographs | |
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| Discovery of X-radiation | |
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| Roentgen and the Discovery of X-rays | |
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| Earlier Experimentation | |
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| Pioneers in Dental X-radiation | |
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| History of Dental X-ray Equipment | |
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| History of Dental X-ray Film | |
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| History of Dental Radiographic Techniques | |
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| Radiation Physics | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Atomic and Molecular Structure | |
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| Ionization, Radiation, and Radioactivity | |
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| Ionizing Radiation | |
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| X-radiation | |
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| X-ray Machine | |
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| Component Parts | |
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| X-ray Tube | |
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| X-ray Generating Apparatus | |
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| Production of X-radiation | |
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| Production of Dental X-rays | |
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| Types of X-rays Produced | |
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| Definitions of X-radiation | |
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| Interactions of X-radiation | |
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| No Interaction | |
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| Absorption of Energy and Photoelectric Effect | |
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| Compton Scatter | |
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| Coherent Scatter | |
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| Radiation Characteristics | |
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| X-ray Beam Quality | |
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| Voltage and Kilovoltage | |
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| Kilovoltage Peak | |
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| Film Density and Kilovoltage Peak | |
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| Film Contrast and Kilovoltage Peak | |
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| Exposure Time and Kilovoltage Peak | |
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| X-ray Beam Quantity | |
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| Amperage and Milliamperage | |
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| Milliampere-Seconds | |
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| Film Density and Milliamperage | |
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| Exposure Time and Milliamperage | |
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| X-ray Beam Intensity | |
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| Kilovoltage Peak | |
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| Milliamperage | |
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| Exposure Time | |
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| Distance | |
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| Inverse Square Law | |
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| Half-Value Layer | |
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| Radiation Biology | |
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| Radiation Injury | |
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| Mechanisms of Injury | |
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| Theories of Radiation Injury | |
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| Dose-Response Curve | |
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| Stochastic and Nonstochastic Radiation Effects | |
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| Sequence of Radiation Injury | |
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| Determining Factors for Radiation Injury | |
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| Radiation Effects | |
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| Short-Term and Long-Term Effects | |
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| Somatic and Genetic Effects | |
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| Radiation Effects on Cells | |
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| Radiation Effects on Tissues and Organs | |
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| Radiation Measurements | |
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| Units of Measurement | |
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| Exposure Measurement | |
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| Dose Measurement | |
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| Dose Equivalent Measurement | |
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| Measurements Used in Dental Radiography | |
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| Radiation Risks | |
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| Sources of Radiation Exposure | |
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| Risk and Risk Estimates | |
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| Dental Radiation and Exposure Risks | |
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| Patient Exposure and Dose | |
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| Risk versus Benefit of Dental Radiographs | |
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| Radiation Protection | |
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| Patient Protection | |
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| Before Exposure | |
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| During Exposure | |
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| After Exposure | |
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| Operator Protection | |
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| Protection Guidelines | |
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| Radiation Monitoring | |
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| Radiation Exposure Guidelines | |
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| Radiation Safety Legislation | |
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| Maximum Permissible Dose | |
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| Maximum Accumulated Dose | |
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| ALARA Concept | |
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| Radiation Protection and Patient Education | |
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| Equipment, Film, and Processing Basics | |
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| Dental X-ray Equipment | |
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| Dental X-ray Machines | |
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| Performance Standards | |
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| Types of Machines | |
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| Component Parts | |
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| Dental X-ray Film Holders and Beam Alignment Devices | |
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| Types of Film Holders | |
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| Types of Beam Alignment Devices | |
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| Dental X-ray Film | |
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| Dental X-ray Film Composition and Latent Image | |
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| Film Composition | |
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| Latent Image Formation | |
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| Types of Dental X-ray film | |
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| Intraoral Film | |
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| Extraoral Film | |
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| Duplicating Film | |
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| Film Storage and Protection | |
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| Dental X-ray Image Characteristics | |
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| Dental X-ray Image Characteristics | |
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| Visual Characteristics | |
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| Density | |
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| Contrast | |
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| Geometric Characteristics | |
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| Sharpness | |
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| Magnification | |
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| Distortion | |
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| Dental X-ray Film Processing | |
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| Film Processing | |
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| Film Processing Fundamentals | |
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| Film Processing Steps | |
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| Film Processing Solutions | |
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| The Darkroom | |
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| Room Requirements | |
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| Equipment Requirements | |
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| Manual Film Processing | |
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| Equipment Accessories | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Care and Maintenance | |
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| Automatic Film Processing | |
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| Component Parts of Automatic Processor | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Care and Maintenance | |
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| Film Duplication | |
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| Equipment Requirements | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Processing Problems and Solutions | |
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| Time and Temperature | |
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| Chemical Contamination | |
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| Film Handling | |
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| Lighting | |
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| Quality Assurance in the Dental Office | |
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| Quality Control Tests | |
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| Equipment and Supplies | |
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| Film Processing | |
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| Quality Administration Procedures | |
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| Operator Competence | |
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| Dental Radiographer Basics | |
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| Dental Radiographs and the Dental Radiographer | |
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| Dental Radiographs | |
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| Importance of Dental Radiographs | |
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| Uses of Dental Radiographs | |
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| Benefits of Dental Radiographs | |
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| Information Found on Dental Radiographs | |
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| The Dental Radiographer | |
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| Knowledge and Skill Requirements | |
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| Duties and Responsibilities | |
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| Professional Goals | |
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| Patient Relations and the Dental Radiographer | |
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| Interpersonal Skills | |
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| Communication Skills | |
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| Facilitation Skills | |
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| Patient Relations | |
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| First Impressions and Patient Relations | |
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| Chairside Manner and Patient Relations | |
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| Attitude and Patient Relations | |
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| Patient Education and the Dental Radiographer | |
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| Importance of Patient Education | |
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| Methods of Patient Education | |
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| Common Questions and Answers | |
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| Necessity Questions | |
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| Exposure Questions | |
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| Safety Questions | |
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| Miscellaneous Questions | |
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| Legal Issues and the Dental Radiographer | |
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| Legal Issues and Dental Radiography | |
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| Federal and State Regulations | |
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| Licensure Requirements | |
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| Legal Issues and the Dental Patient | |
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| Risk Management | |
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| Malpractice Issues | |
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| Patient Records | |
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| Patients Who Refuse Dental Radiographs | |
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| Infection Control and the Dental Radiographer | |
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| Infection Control Basics | |
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| Rationale for Infection Control | |
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| Infection Control Terminology | |
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| Guidelines for Infection Control Practices | |
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| Protective Attire and Barrier Techniques | |
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| Handwashing and Care of Hands | |
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| Sterilization or Disinfection of Instruments | |
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| Cleaning and Disinfection of Dental Unit and Environmental Surfaces | |
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| Infection Control in Dental Radiography | |
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| Infection Control Procedures Used Before Exposure | |
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| Infection Control Procedures Used During Exposure | |
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| Infection Control Procedures Used After Exposure | |
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| Infection Control Procedures Used for Processing | |
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| Technique Basics | |
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| Introduction to Radiographic Examinations | |
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| Intraoral Radiographic Examination | |
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| Types of Intraoral Radiographic Examinations | |
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| Complete Mouth Radiographic Series | |
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| Diagnostic Criteria for Intraoral Radiographs | |
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| Extraoral Radiographic Examination | |
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| Prescribing of Dental Radiographs | |
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| Paralleling Technique | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Principles of Paralleling Technique | |
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| Film Holders | |
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| Film for Paralleling Technique | |
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| Rules for Paralleling Technique | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Patient Preparation | |
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| Equipment Preparation | |
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| Exposure Sequence for Film Placements | |
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| Film Placement for Paralleling Technique | |
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| Modifications in Paralleling Technique | |
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| Shallow Palate | |
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| Bony Growths | |
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| Mandibular Premolar Region | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Advantages of Paralleling Technique | |
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| Disadvantages of Paralleling Technique | |
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| Bisecting Technique | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Principles of Bisecting Technique | |
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| Film Stabilization | |
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| Film for Bisecting Technique | |
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| Angulation of Position-Indicating Device | |
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| Rules for Bisecting Technique | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Patient Preparation | |
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| Equipment Preparation | |
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| Exposure Sequence for Film Placements | |
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| Film Placement | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Advantages of Bisecting Technique | |
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| Disadvantages of Bisecting Technique | |
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| Bite-Wing Technique | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Principles of Bite-Wing Technique | |
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| Film Holder and Bite-Wing Tab | |
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| Film for Bite-Wing Technique | |
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| Angulation of Position-Indicating Device | |
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| Rules for Bite-Wing Technique | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Patient Preparation | |
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| Equipment Preparation | |
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| Exposure Sequence for Film Placements | |
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| Film Placement for Bite-Wing Technique | |
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| Vertical Bite-Wings | |
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| Modifications of Bite-Wing Technique | |
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| Edentulous Spaces | |
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| Bony Growths | |
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| Exposure and Technique Errors | |
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| Film Exposure Errors | |
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| Exposure Problems | |
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| Time and Exposure Factor Problems | |
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| Technique Errors (Periapical Films) | |
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| Film Placement Problems | |
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| Angulation Problems | |
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| PID Alignment Problems | |
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| Technique Errors (Bite-Wing Films) | |
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| Film Placement Problems | |
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| Angulation Problems | |
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| PID Alignment Problems | |
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| Miscellaneous Technique Errors | |
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| Film Bending | |
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| Film Creasing | |
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| Phalangioma | |
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| Double Exposure | |
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| Movement | |
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| Reversed Film | |
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| Occlusal and Localization Techniques | |
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| Occlusal Technique | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Localization Techniques | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Panoramic Radiography | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Purpose and Use | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Equipment Preparation | |
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| Patient Preparation | |
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| Patient Positioning | |
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| Common Errors | |
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| Patient Preparation Errors | |
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| Patient Positioning Errors | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Advantages of Panoramic Radiography | |
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| Disadvantages of Panoramic Radiography | |
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| Extraoral Radiography | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Purpose and Use | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Equipment Preparation | |
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| Patient Preparation | |
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| Patient Positioning | |
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| Extraoral Projection Techniques | |
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| Lateral Jaw Radiography | |
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| Skull Radiography | |
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| Temporomandibular Joint Radiography | |
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| Cone-Beam Technology | |
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| Digital Radiography | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Purpose and Use | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Radiation Exposure | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Types of Digital Imaging | |
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| Direct Digital Imaging | |
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| Indirect Digital Imaging | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedures | |
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| Sensor Preparation | |
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| Sensor Placement | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Advantages of Digital Radiography | |
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| Disadvantages of Digital Radiography | |
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| Radiography of Patients with Special Needs | |
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| Patients with the Gag Reflex | |
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| Patient Management | |
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| Extreme Cases of Gag Reflex | |
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| Patients with Disabilities | |
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| Physical Disabilities | |
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| Developmental Disabilities | |
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| Patients with Specific Dental Needs | |
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| Pediatric Patients | |
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| Endodontic Patients | |
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| Edentulous Patients | |
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| Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting Basics | |
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| Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Films | |
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| Definitions of General Terms | |
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| Types of Bone | |
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| Prominences of Bone | |
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| Spaces and Depressions in Bone | |
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| Miscellaneous Terms | |
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| Normal Anatomic Landmarks | |
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| Bony Landmarks of the Maxilla | |
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| Bony Landmarks of the Mandible | |
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| Normal Tooth Anatomy | |
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| Tooth Structure | |
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| Supporting Structures | |
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| Film Mounting and Viewing | |
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| Film Mounting | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting | |
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| Film Mounting Methods | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedure | |
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| Film Viewing | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Step-by-Step Procedure | |
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| Normal Anatomy: Panoramic Films | |
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| Normal Anatomic Landmarks | |
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| Bony Landmarks of Maxilla and Surrounding Structures | |
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| Bony Landmarks of Mandible and Surrounding Structures | |
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| Air Space Images Seen on Panoramic Radiographs | |
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| Soft Tissue Images Seen on Panoramic Radiographs | |
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| Radiographic Interpretation Basics | |
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| Introduction to Radiographic Interpretation | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Interpretation Terminology | |
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| Importance of Interpretation | |
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| Guidelines | |
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| Who Interprets Radiographs? | |
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| Interpretation versus Diagnosis | |
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| When and Where Are Radiographs Interpreted? | |
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| Interpretation and Patient Education | |
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| Descriptive Terminology | |
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| Definition and Uses | |
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| What Is Descriptive Terminology? | |
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| Why Use Descriptive Terminology? | |
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| Descriptive Terminology versus Diagnosis | |
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| Review of Basic Terms | |
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| Radiograph versus X-ray | |
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| Radiolucent versus Radiopaque | |
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| Terms Used to Describe Radiolucent Lesions | |
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| Terms Used to Describe Radiopaque Lesions | |
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| Identification of Restorations, Dental Materials, and Foreign Objects | |
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| Identification of Restorations | |
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| Amalgam Restorations | |
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| Gold Restorations | |
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| Stainless Steel and Chrome Crowns | |
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| Post and Core Restorations | |
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| Porcelain Restorations | |
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| Composite Restorations | |
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| Acrylic Restorations | |
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| Identification of Materials Used in Dentistry | |
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| Materials Used in Restorative Dentistry | |
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| Materials Used in Endodontics | |
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| Materials Used in Prosthodontics | |
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| Materials Used in Orthodontics | |
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| Materials Used in Oral Surgery | |
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| Identification of Miscellaneous Objects | |
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| Jewelry | |
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| Eyeglasses and Napkin Chain | |
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| Interpretation of Dental Caries | |
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| Description of Caries | |
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| Detection of Caries | |
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| Clinical Examination | |
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| Radiographic Examination | |
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| Interpretation of Caries | |
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| Interpretation Tips | |
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| Factors Influencing Caries Interpretation | |
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| Radiographic Classification of Caries | |
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| Interproximal Caries | |
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| Occlusal Caries | |
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| Buccal and Lingual Caries | |
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| Root Surface Caries | |
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| Recurrent Caries | |
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| Rampant Caries | |
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| Interpretation of Periodontal Disease | |
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| Description of the Periodontium | |
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| Description of Periodontal Disease | |
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| Detection of Periodontal Disease | |
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| Clinical Examination | |
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| Radiographic Examination | |
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| Radiographic Interpretation of Periodontal Disease | |
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| Bone Loss | |
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| Classification of Periodontal Disease | |
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| Predisposing Factors | |
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| Interpretation of Trauma and Pulpal and Periapical Lesions | |
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| Radiographic Changes Caused by Trauma | |
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| Fractures | |
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| Injuries | |
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| Radiographic Changes Caused by Resorption | |
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| External Resorption | |
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| Internal Resorption | |
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| Radiographic Features of Pulpal Lesions | |
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| Pulpal Sclerosis | |
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| Pulpal Obliteration | |
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| Pulp Stones | |
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| Radiographic Features of Periapical Lesions | |
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| Periapical Radiolucencies | |
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| Periapical Radiopacities | |