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Preface | |
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Framework of Climate Science | |
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Overview of Climate Science | |
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Climate and Climate Change | |
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Development of Climate Science | |
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Overview of the Climate System | |
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Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales | |
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Earth's Climate System Today | |
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Heating Earth | |
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Heat Transfer in Earth's Atmosphere | |
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Heat Transfer in Earth's Oceans | |
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Ice on Earth | |
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Earth's Biosphere | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Structure of Earth's Atmosphere | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Albedo/Temperature | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water in the Climate System | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water Vapor | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Coriolis Effect | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks | |
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Climate Archives, Data, and Models | |
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Climate Archives | |
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Climate Data | |
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Climate Models | |
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Tectonic-Scale Climate Change | |
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Co[subscript 2] and Long-Term Climate | |
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Greenhouse Worlds | |
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The Faint Young Sun Paradox | |
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Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere | |
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Climate Factors That Control Chemical Weathering | |
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Chemical Weathering: Earth's Thermostat? | |
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Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth's Thermostat? | |
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Climate Debate: A Snowball Earth? | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Organic Carbon Subcycle | |
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Plate Tectonics and Climate | |
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Plate Tectonics | |
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The Polar Position Hypothesis | |
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Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea | |
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Tectonic Control of CO[subscript 2] Input: The BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis | |
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Tectonic Control of CO[subscript 2] Removal: The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis | |
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What Controls Chemical Weathering? | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 430 Myr Ago | |
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Greenhouse Earth | |
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What Explains Greenhouse Warmth 100 Myr Ago? | |
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Sea Level Changes and Climate | |
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Asteroid Impacts | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: The Effect of CO[subscript 2] on Climate | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level | |
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Back into the Icehouse: The Last 55 Million Years | |
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Global Climate Change Since 55 Myr Ago | |
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Why Did Global Climate Cool over the Last 55 Myr? | |
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Understanding and Predicting Tectonic Climate Change | |
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Tools of Climate Science: Oxtygen Isotope Ratios ([delta superscript 18]O) | |
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Climate Debate: The Timing of Uplift in Western North America | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Is [superscript 87]Sr/[superscript 86]Sr an Index of Chemical Weathering? | |
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Orbital-Scale Climate Change | |
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Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation | |
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Earth's Orbit Today | |
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Long-Term Changes in Earth's Orbit | |
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Changes in Insolation Received on Earth | |
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Looking for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climate Records | |
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Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth's Precession as a Sine Wave | |
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Insolation Control of Monsoons | |
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Monsoon Circulations | |
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Evidence of Orbital-Scale Changes in Summer Monsoons | |
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Refinements of the Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis | |
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Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth's History | |
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Insolation Control of Ice Sheets | |
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What Controls the Size of Ice Sheets? | |
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Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets | |
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Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation | |
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Climate Debate: Antarctic Deglaciation 3 Myr Ago? | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands | |
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Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane | |
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Ice Cores | |
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Orbital-Scale Changes in Methane | |
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Orbital-Scale Changes in CO[subscript 2] | |
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Tools of Climate Science: Carbon Isotope Ratios ([delta superscript 13]C) | |
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Climate Debate: Do Winds Fertilize the Glacial Ocean? | |
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Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System | |
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Orbital-Scale Forcing and Response Revisited | |
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Ice-Driven Climate Responses | |
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CO[subscript 2] Level and Ice Volume: Which Drives Which? | |
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The Mystery of the 100,000-Year Cycle | |
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Deglacial and Millennial Climate Changes | |
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The Last Glacial Maximum | |
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The Glacial World: More Ice and Less Gas | |
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Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data | |
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Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates | |
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How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? | |
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Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ventilating the Glacial Ocean | |
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Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation | |
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Fire and Ice: A Shift in the Balance of Power | |
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Climate Changes During and Since Deglaciation | |
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Fading Memories of Melting Ice | |
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Predicting Future Orbital-Scale Changes | |
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Tools of Climate Science: Deglacial [superscript 14]C Dates Are Too Young | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Giant Deglacial Floods | |
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Millennial Oscillations in Climate | |
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Millennial Oscillations During Glaciations | |
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Millennial Oscillations During the Last 8000 Years | |
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Causes of Millennial-Scale Oscillations | |
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Implications of Millennial Oscillations for Future Climate | |
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Tools of Climate Science: [delta superscript 18]O Fluctuations in Ice Cores | |
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Historical and Future Climate Changes | |
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Historical Changes in Climate | |
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The Little Ice Age: Local or Global? | |
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Proxy Measures of Historical Climate | |
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Historical and Instrumental Observations | |
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Natural Causes of Historical Climate Changes | |
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Tools of Climate Science: Analyzing Tree Rings | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: El Nino | |
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Climate Debate: Satellites vs. Surface Temperatures | |
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Humans and Climate Change | |
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The Impact of Climate on Human Evolution | |
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The Impact of Climate on Early Civilizations | |
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Early Impacts of Humans on Climate | |
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The Impacts of Humans on the Atmosphere: The Last 250 Years | |
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Climate Debate: Impacts of Humans on CH[subscript 4] Levels for 5000 Years? | |
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Climate in the Twentieth Century | |
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The Impact of Natural Variations in Climate | |
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Earth's Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases | |
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Causes of Global Warming in the Twentieth Century | |
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The Greenhouse Debate: Proponents and Skeptics | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Direct Radiative Forcing | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Deep-Ocean Warming in the Twentieth Century? | |
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Climate Change in the Next 100 to 1000 Years | |
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Natural Variations in Climate | |
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Future Human Impacts on Climate | |
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Future Climate Change Caused by Increased CO[subscript 2] | |
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Monitoring Greenhouse Warming: The Next Few Decades | |
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The Impacts of Future Increases in Greenhouse Gases on Humans | |
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Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Will Frozen Methane Melt? | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |