Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist

Name: Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist
Price: 5.7 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780683303629

ISBN-10: 0683303627

ISBN-13: 9780683303629

Edition: 8th 1999 (Revised)

Authors: Esther M. Wilkins

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Book details

List price: $71.00
Edition: 8th
Copyright year: 1999
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Binding: Hardcover
Pages: 1032
Size: 9.00" wide x 11.25" long x 1.25" tall
Weight: 4.730

Orientation to Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice	p. 1
The Professional Dental Hygienist	p. 3
Dental Hygiene Process of Care	p. 5
Factors Influencing Clinical Practice	p. 7
Special Practice Areas	p. 8
Objectives for Professional Practice	p. 9
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 9
Preparation for Dental Hygiene Appointments	p. 11
Infection Control: Transmissible Diseases	p. 13
Microorganisms of the Oral Cavity	p. 16
The Infectious Process	p. 16
Airborne Infection	p. 17
Pathogens Transmissible by the Oral Cavity	p. 18
Tuberculosis	p. 21
Viral Hepatitis	p. 23
Hepatitis A	p. 23
Hepatitis B	p. 23
Prevention of Hepatitis B	p. 26
Hepatitis C	p. 27
Hepatitis D	p. 28
Hepatitis E	p. 28
Herpesvirus Diseases	p. 28
Viral Latency	p. 28
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)	p. 29
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)	p. 30
Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)	p. 30
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections	p. 30
Clinical Management	p. 31
HIV-I Infection	p. 31
Transmission	p. 32
Life Cycle of the HIV-I	p. 33
HIV-I Classification System for Adolescents and Adults	p. 33
Clinical Course of HIV-I Infection	p. 35
Oral Manifestations of HIV-I Infection	p. 35
HIV-I Infection in Children	p. 37
Prevention of HIV-I Infection	p. 38
Technical Hints	p. 38
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 39
Exposure Control: Barriers for Patient and Clinician	p. 42
Personal Protection of the Dental Team	p. 42
Immunizations and Periodic Tests	p. 43
Clinical Attire	p. 44
Use of Face Mask: Respiratory Protection	p. 45
Use of Protective Eyewear	p. 46
Hand Care	p. 47
Hand-Washing Principles	p. 48
Methods of Handwashing	p. 48
Gloves and Gloving	p. 50
Latex Hypersensitivity	p. 51
Technical Hints	p. 52
Infection Control: Clinical Procedures	p. 55
Treatment Room Features	p. 57
Instrument Processing Center	p. 59
Holding Step	p. 59
Cleaning Step	p. 59
Packaging Step	p. 60
Sterilization	p. 60
Moist Heat: Steam Under Pressure	p. 62
Dry Heat	p. 62
Chemical Vapor Sterilizer	p. 63
Ethylene Oxide	p. 63
Care of Sterile Instruments	p. 64
Chemical Disinfectants	p. 64
Recommended Chemical Disinfectants	p. 65
Chemical Sterilants (Immersion)	p. 66
Unit Water Lines	p. 68
Patient Preparation	p. 68
Summary of Universal Procedures for the Prevention of Disease
Occupational Accidental Exposure Management	p. 69
Disposal of Waste	p. 70
Technical Hints	p. 71
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 71
Patient Reception and Positioning	p. 73
Position of the Clinician	p. 75
Position of the Patient	p. 75
Lighting	p. 78
Related Occupational Problems	p. 79
Four-handed Dental Hygiene	p. 79
Technical Hints	p. 79
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 79
Assessment	p. 81
Introduction	p. 82
Examination Procedures	p. 83
Tooth Numbering Systems	p. 84
Personal, Dental, and Medical Histories	p. 87
History Preparation	p. 88
The Questionnaire	p. 89
The Interview	p. 92
Items Included in the History	p. 93
Review of History	p. 101
Immediate Applications of Patient Histories	p. 101
American Heart Association Guidelines	p. 101
Prophylaxis for Dental and Dental Hygiene Procedures	p. 103
ASA Determination	p. 104
Technical Hints	p. 104
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 104
Vital Signs	p. 106
Body Temperature	p. 106
Pulse	p. 110
Respiration	p. 111
Blood Pressure	p. 111
Technical Hints	p. 114
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 114
Extraoral and Intraoral Examination	p. 116
Objectives	p. 116
Components of Examination	p. 118
Sequence of Examination	p. 118
Documentation of Findings	p. 121
Morphologic Categories	p. 122
Oral Cancer	p. 124
Procedure for Follow-up of a Suspicious Lesion	p. 126
Exfoliative Cytology	p. 126
Special Applications for the Extraoral and Intraoral Examination	p. 128
Family Abuse and Neglect	p. 128
Substance Abuse	p. 129
Technical Hints	p. 131
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 131
Dental Radiographs	p. 134
Origin and Characteristics of X Rays	p. 135
How X Rays Are Produced	p. 135
Computerized Digital Radiography	p. 139
Characteristics of an Acceptable Radiograph	p. 140
Factors That Influence the Finished Radiograph	p. 140
Exposure to Radiation	p. 144
Risk of Injury From Radiation	p. 146
Rules for Radiation Protection	p. 146
Protection of Clinician	p. 146
Protection of Patient	p. 147
Clinical Applications	p. 148
Procedures for Film Placement and Angulation of Ray	p. 149
Film Selection for Intraoral Surveys	p. 151
Definitions and Principles	p. 152
Periapical Survey: Paralleling Technique	p. 153
Bitewing Survey	p. 156
Periapical Survey: Bisecting-Angle Technique	p. 157
Occlusal Survey	p. 158
Panoramic Radiographs	p. 159
Child Patient Survey	p. 160
Edentulous Survey	p. 161
Paraclinical Procedures	p. 161
Infection Control	p. 161
Film Processing	p. 162
Lighting	p. 162
Automated Processing	p. 163
Manual Processing	p. 164
Analysis of Completed Radiographs	p. 165
Technical Hints	p. 166
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 168
Study Casts	p. 171
Clinical Preparation	p. 172
The Interocclusal Record (Wax Bite)	p. 173
Preparation of Impression Trays	p. 174
The Impression Material	p. 176
The Mandibular Impression	p. 177
The Maxillary Impression	p. 177
Disinfection of Impressions	p. 178
Paraclinical Procedures	p. 178
Mixing the Stone	p. 179
Pouring the Cast	p. 179
Trimming the Casts	p. 181
Technical Hints	p. 184
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 185
The Gingiva	p. 186
Objectives	p. 186
The Treatment Area	p. 186
The Gingiva and Related Structures	p. 190
The Recognition of Gingival and Periodontal Infections	p. 193
The Gingival Examination	p. 194
The Gingiva of Young Children	p. 198
The Gingiva After Periodontal Surgery	p. 199
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 199
Examination Procedures	p. 201
The Mouth Mirror	p. 202
Instruments for Application of Air	p. 203
Probe	p. 204
Guide to Probing	p. 206
Probing Procedures	p. 207
Clinical Attachment Level	p. 209
Furcations Examination	p. 210
Mucogingival Examination	p. 211
Periodontal Charting	p. 212
Explorers	p. 213
Basic Procedures for Use of Explorers	p. 215
Supragingival Procedures	p. 216
Subgingival Procedures	p. 217
Record Findings	p. 218
Mobility Examination	p. 218
Fremitus	p. 219
Radiographic Examination	p. 219
Radiographic Changes in Periodontal Infections	p. 219
Early Periodontal Disease	p. 221
Other Radiographic Findings	p. 221
Technical Hints	p. 222
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 222
Disease Development and Contributing Factors	p. 224
Development of Gingival and Periodontal Infections	p. 225
Gingival and Periodontal Pockets	p. 227
Tooth Surface Pocket Wall	p. 227
Complications of Pocket Formation	p. 230
Local Contributing Factors in Disease Development	p. 231
Self-Cleansing Mechanisms	p. 233
Risk Factors for Periodontal Diseases	p. 233
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 234
The Teeth	p. 236
The Dentitions	p. 238
Dental Caries	p. 238
Enamel Caries	p. 239
Early Childhood Caries	p. 240
Root Surface Caries	p. 240
Enamel Hypoplasia	p. 242
Attrition	p. 243
Erosion	p. 244
Abrasion	p. 244
Fractures of Teeth	p. 245
Clinical Examination of the Teeth	p. 246
Recognition of Carious Lesions	p. 248
Testing for Pulpal Vitality	p. 249
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 251
The Occlusion	p. 254
Static Occlusion	p. 254
Determination of the Classification of Malocclusion	p. 258
Occlusion of the Primary Teeth	p. 259
Functional Occlusion	p. 260
Trauma from Occlusion	p. 261
Technical Hints	p. 262
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 262
Bacterial Plaque and Other Soft Deposits	p. 264
Acquired Pellicle	p. 264
Bacterial Plaque	p. 267
Clinical Aspects	p. 271
Significance of Bacterial Plaque	p. 272
Dental Caries	p. 272
Effect of Diet on Plaque	p. 274
Periodontal Infections	p. 274
Materia Alba	p. 274
Food Debris	p. 275
Technical Hints	p. 275
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 275
Dental Calculus	p. 277
Classification and Distribution	p. 277
Calculus Formation	p. 280
Attachment of Calculus	p. 281
Composition	p. 282
Significance of Dental Calculus	p. 282
Prevention of Calculus	p. 283
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 283
Dental Stains and Discolorations	p. 285
Extrinsic Stains	p. 286
Endogenous Intrinsic Stains	p. 289
Exogenous Intrinsic Stains	p. 290
Technical Hints	p. 290
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 291
Indices and Scoring Methods	p. 293
Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR)	p. 295
Plaque Index (PL I)	p. 298
Plaque Control Record	p. 298
Plaque-Free Score	p. 299
Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP)	p. 302
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)	p. 303
Bleeding Indices	p. 305
Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)	p. 305
Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI)	p. 305
Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index (EIBI)	p. 306
Gingival/Periodontal Indices	p. 307
Gingival Index (GI)	p. 307
Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)	p. 308
Dental Caries Indices	p. 309
Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT)	p. 309
Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Tooth Surfaces (DMFS)	p. 310
Decayed, Indicated for Extraction, and Filled Teeth or Surfaces (dft and dfs) (deft and defs)	p. 311
Decayed, Missing, and Filled (dmft or dmfs)	p. 311
Technical Hints	p. 312
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 312
Records and Charting	p. 314
Clinic Procedures	p. 315
Dental Records and Charting	p. 315
Periodontal Records and Charting	p. 318
Technical Hints	p. 319
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 319
Planning Dental Hygiene Care	p. 320
Planning for Dental Hygiene Care	p. 322
Sequencing and Prioritizing Patient Care	p. 325
Preparation of a Care Plan	p. 327
Informed Consent	p. 328
Technical Hints	p. 328
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 328
Prevention	p. 331
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention	p. 333
Steps in a Preventive Program	p. 333
Patient Counseling	p. 335
Motivation	p. 335
The Learning Process	p. 335
Individual Patient Planning	p. 336
Presentation, Demonstration, Practice	p. 337
The Preschool Child	p. 339
The Teaching System	p. 341
Evaluation of Teaching Aids	p. 341
Use of Disclosing Agents	p. 342
Technical Hints for Disclosing Agents	p. 344
Xerostomia	p. 345
Halitosis	p. 346
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 347
Oral Infection Control: Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing	p. 350
Development of Toothbrushes	p. 351
Manual Toothbrushes	p. 352
Toothbrush Selection for the Patient	p. 354
Guidelines for Toothbrushing	p. 355
Methods for Toothbrushing	p. 356
The Bass Method: Sulcular Brushing	p. 356
The Collis Method: Simultaneous Sulcular	p. 357
The Roll or Rolling Stroke Method	p. 358
The Stillman Method	p. 359
The Modified Stillman Method	p. 359
The Charters Method	p. 360
Other Toothbrushing Methods	p. 361
Power-Assisted Toothbrushes	p. 362
Supplemental Brushing	p. 363
Toothbrushing for Special Conditions	p. 365
Toothbrush Trauma: The Gingiva	p. 366
Toothbrush Trauma: Dental Abrasion	p. 366
Care of Toothbrushes	p. 367
Interdental Care and Chemotherapy	p. 370
The Interdental Area	p. 371
Dental Floss and Tape	p. 372
Tufted Dental Floss	p. 374
Knitting Yarn	p. 375
Gauze Strip	p. 375
Interdental Brushes	p. 376
Single-Tuft Brush (End-Tuft, Unituft)	p. 378
Interdental Tip	p. 378
Pipe Cleaner	p. 379
Toothpick in Holder	p. 379
Wooden Interdental Cleaner	p. 380
Chemotherapy	p. 380
Oral Irrigation	p. 381
Description of Irrigators	p. 381
Delivery Methods	p. 381
Beneficial Effects from Irrigation	p. 382
Applications for Practice	p. 383
Mouthrinses	p. 383
Self-Prepared Mouthrinses	p. 385
Commercial Mouthrinse Ingredients	p. 385
Chlorhexidine	p. 386
Dentifrices	p. 387
Basic Components	p. 387
Prophylactic or Therapeutic Dentifrices	p. 388
American Dental Association Acceptance Program	p. 389
Technical Hints	p. 389
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 390
Care of Dental Prostheses	p. 394
Orthodontic Appliances	p. 395
Space Maintainers	p. 398
Fixed Partial Dentures	p. 399
Care Procedures	p. 400
Removable Partial Dentures	p. 401
Cleaning a Removable Prosthesis	p. 402
The Natural Teeth	p. 403
Complete Dentures	p. 403
Cleaning the Complete Denture	p. 404
General Cleaning Procedures	p. 405
The Underlying Mucosa	p. 407
Complete Overdenture	p. 408
Dental Hygiene Care and Instruction	p. 408
Technical Hints	p. 409
The Patient With Oral Rehabilitation and Implants	p. 411
Characteristics of the Rehabilitated Mouth	p. 413
Self-Care for the Rehabilitated Mouth	p. 414
Dental Implants	p. 417
Types of Dental Implants	p. 417
Preparation and Placement	p. 418
Implant Interfaces	p. 419
Peri-Implant Hygiene	p. 419
Maintenance	p. 420
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 422
The Patient Who Uses Tobacco	p. 425
Health Hazards	p. 425
Components of Tobacco Products	p. 426
Metabolism of Nicotine	p. 427
Systemic Effects	p. 427
Environmental Tobacco Smoke	p. 429
Prenatal and Children	p. 429
Oral Manifestations of Tobacco Use	p. 429
Tobacco and Periodontal Infections	p. 430
Nicotine Addiction	p. 430
Treatment	p. 432
Pharmaceuticals Used for Treatment of Nicotine Addiction	p. 432
Nicotine Free Therapy	p. 434
Dental Hygiene Care for the Patient Who Uses Tobacco	p. 434
Assessment	p. 434
Clinical Treatment Procedures	p. 435
Tobacco Cessation Program	p. 436
Preparation: Dental Team Organization	p. 436
The Four A's	p. 436
Advocacy	p. 438
Technical Hints	p. 438
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 438
Diet and Dietary Assessment	p. 441
Oral Relationships	p. 441
Daily Food Requirements	p. 443
Counseling for Dental Caries Control	p. 444
The Dietary Assessment	p. 444
Preparation for Additional Counseling of Patient	p. 449
Counseling Procedures	p. 450
Evaluation of Progress	p. 452
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 453
Fluorides	p. 455
Fluoride Metabolism	p. 456
Fluoride and Tooth Development	p. 456
Tooth Surface Fluoride	p. 458
Demineralization--Remineralization	p. 459
Fluoridation	p. 460
Effects and Benefits of Fluoridation	p. 461
Partial Defluoridation	p. 462
School Fluoridation	p. 462
Discontinued Fluoridation	p. 462
Economic Benefits	p. 462
Fluorides in Foods	p. 463
Dietary Fluoride Supplements	p. 463
Topical Fluoride Applications	p. 465
Self-Applied Fluorides	p. 469
Tray Technique: Home Application	p. 469
Fluoride Mouthrinses	p. 470
Fluoride Dentifrices	p. 471
Brush-On Gel	p. 472
Combined Fluoride Program	p. 472
Fluoride Safety	p. 472
Technical Hints	p. 474
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 475
Sealants	p. 480
Development of Sealants	p. 480
How Sealants Work	p. 480
Sealant Materials	p. 481
Indications for Sealant Placement	p. 482
Clinical Procedures	p. 482
Penetration of Sealant	p. 485
Maintenance	p. 487
Technical Hints	p. 487
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 487
Treatment	p. 489
Introduction	p. 490
Anxiety and Pain Control	p. 491
Components of Pain	p. 492
Pain Control Mechanisms	p. 492
Nitrous Oxide--Oxygen Sedation Anesthesia	p. 492
Characteristics of Nitrous Oxide	p. 492
Equipment	p. 494
Patient Selection	p. 495
Clinical Procedures for Nitrous Oxide--Oxygen Administration	p. 496
Potential Hazards of Occupational Exposure	p. 498
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conscious Sedation
Local Anesthesia	p. 498
Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics	p. 498
Indications	p. 500
Patient Assessment	p. 501
Armamentarium	p. 502
Computer-Controlled Anesthesia Delivery (WAND)	p. 503
Clinical Procedures for Local Anesthetic Administration	p. 503
Potential Adverse Reactions to Local Anesthesia Procedures	p. 506
Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Anesthesia	p. 507
Topical Anesthesia	p. 507
Application of Topical Anesthetic	p. 509
Technical Hints	p. 509
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 510
Instruments and Principles for Instrumentation	p. 512
Instrument Features	p. 513
Instrument Parts	p. 514
The Instruments	p. 515
Curets	p. 516
Scalers	p. 517
Principles for Instrument Use	p. 520
Instrument Grasp	p. 520
Wrist, Arm, Elbow, Shoulder: Neutral Positions	p. 521
Fulcrum: Finger Rest	p. 522
Adaptation	p. 524
Angulation	p. 524
Lateral Pressure	p. 525
Activation: Stroke	p. 525
Visibility and Accessibility	p. 526
Dexterity Development	p. 526
Prevention of Cumulative Trauma	p. 528
Instrument Sharpening	p. 530
Some Basic Sharpening Principles	p. 533
Sharpening Curets and Sickles	p. 534
Moving Flat Stone: Stationary Instrument	p. 534
Stationary Flat Stone: Moving Instrument	p. 535
Sharpening Cone	p. 537
The Neivert Whittler	p. 538
Mandrel-Mounted Stones	p. 539
Sharpening the Hoe Scaler	p. 540
Sharpening the Chisel Scaler	p. 540
Sharpening Explorers	p. 541
Care of Sharpening Stones	p. 541
Technical Hints	p. 542
Nonsurgical Periodontal Instrumentation	p. 544
The Scope of Nonsurgical Therapy	p. 545
Preparation of the Clinician	p. 545
Focus of Treatment	p. 546
Aims and Expected Outcomes	p. 546
Overall Appointment Systems	p. 547
Preparation for Instrumentation	p. 548
Calculus Removal	p. 548
Manual Scaling Steps	p. 550
Ultrasonic and Sonic Scaling	p. 554
Mode of Action	p. 554
Types of Power-Driven Scaling Devices	p. 555
Purposes and Uses	p. 555
Instrument Tip Design	p. 556
Clinical Preparation	p. 557
Instrumentation	p. 558
Risk Considerations	p. 559
Completion of Nonsurgical Instrumentation	p. 560
Immediate Evaluation	p. 560
Patient Instructions After Scaling and Root Planing
Effects of Nonsurgical Instrumentation	p. 561
Technical Hints	p. 562
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 563
Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy: Supplemental Care Procedures	p. 566
Antimicrobial Treatment	p. 567
Systemic	p. 568
Professional Subgingival Irrigation	p. 568
Local Delivery of Antimicrobials	p. 569
Tetracycline Fiber	p. 570
Chlorhexidine Chip	p. 571
Doxycycline Polymer	p. 572
Metronidazole Gel	p. 573
Minocycline Gel	p. 573
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 573
Acute Periodontal Conditions	p. 576
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis/Periodontitis	p. 576
Types of Necrotizing Periodontal Conditions	p. 576
Clinical Recognition	p. 577
Risk Factors	p. 578
Etiology	p. 579
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 579
Care for the Acute Stage	p. 580
Periodontal Abscess	p. 582
Technical Hints	p. 584
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 584
Sutures and Dressings	p. 585
Sutures	p. 585
Needles	p. 587
Knots	p. 588
Suturing Procedures	p. 588
Procedure for Removal	p. 589
Periodontal Dressings	p. 590
Types of Dressings	p. 590
Clinical Application	p. 591
Dressing Removal and Replacement	p. 592
Technical Hints	p. 592
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 594
Dentin Sensitivity	p. 595
Factors Contributing to Hypersensitivity	p. 595
Dentin Structure	p. 597
Types of Pain Stimuli	p. 598
Pain Impulse Conduction: Theories	p. 598
Desensitization	p. 599
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 600
Technical Hints	p. 601
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 601
Extrinsic Stain Removal	p. 603
Effects of Polishing	p. 603
Indications for Stain Removal	p. 606
Clinical Application of Selective Stain Removal	p. 607
Cleaning and Polishing Agents	p. 608
Clinical Applications	p. 609
Procedures for Stain Removal (Coronal Polishing)	p. 610
The Instruments	p. 610
Use of the Prophylaxis Angle	p. 611
Polishing Proximal Surfaces	p. 612
Air-Powder Polishing	p. 613
Cleaning the Removable Denture	p. 615
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 616
The Porte Polisher	p. 619
Selective Stain Removal	p. 621
Technical Hints	p. 622
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 622
Care of Dental Restorations	p. 623
Marginal Irregularities	p. 624
Overhanging Restorations	p. 626
Considerations During Instrumentation	p. 627
Composite Resins	p. 627
Porcelain	p. 628
Amalgam Restorations	p. 628
Margination	p. 629
Polishing	p. 631
Fluoride Application	p. 632
The Maintenance Appointment	p. 632
Technical Hints	p. 633
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 633
Debonding	p. 636
Clinical Procedures for Debonding	p. 638
Post-debonding Evaluation	p. 640
Post-debonding Preventive Care	p. 640
Technical Hints	p. 640
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 640
Maintenance for Oral Health: Dental Hygiene Continuing Care	p. 642
Maintenance Appointment Procedures	p. 644
Recurrence of Periodontal Disease	p. 645
Technical Hints	p. 646
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 646
Patients with Special Needs	p. 649
Introduction	p. 650
The Pregnant Patient and the Infant/Toddler	p. 652
Fetal Development	p. 652
Oral Findings During Pregnancy	p. 654
Aspects of Patient Care	p. 656
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 657
Patient Instruction	p. 657
Infant and Toddler Oral Health	p. 660
The Patient With a Cleft Lip and/or Palate	p. 665
Classification of Clefts	p. 665
Etiology	p. 667
Oral Characteristics	p. 668
General Physical Characteristics	p. 668
Personal Factors	p. 669
Treatment	p. 669
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 670
Preadolescent to Postmenopausal Patients	p. 674
Puberty and Adolescence	p. 674
Oral Conditions	p. 676
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 677
Menstruation	p. 678
Hormonal Contraceptives	p. 680
Menopause and Climacteric	p. 681
The Gerodontic Patient	p. 684
Aging	p. 684
Characteristics of Aging	p. 685
Osteoporosis	p. 687
Alzheimer's Disease	p. 687
Oral Findings in Aging	p. 688
Personal Factors	p. 690
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 690
Bacterial Plaque Control	p. 692
Diet and Nutrition	p. 693
Technical Hints	p. 695
The Edentulous Patient	p. 697
Types of Removable Complete Dentures	p. 698
The Edentulous Mouth	p. 699
The Patient with New Dentures	p. 699
Denture-Related Oral Changes	p. 699
Denture-Induced Oral Lesions	p. 701
Prevention and Maintenance	p. 702
Denture Marking for Identification	p. 703
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 705
The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Patient	p. 707
Patient Preparation	p. 707
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 709
Patient with Intermaxillary Fixation	p. 711
Treatment of Fractures	p. 713
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 716
Dental Hygiene Care Prior to General Surgery	p. 719
Technical Hints	p. 179
The Patient With Cancer	p. 721
Description	p. 721
Preparation for Treatment	p. 725
Dental/Dental Hygiene Treatment Plan	p. 725
Radiation Therapy	p. 726
Oral Effects of Radiation Therapy and Management	p. 727
Postradiation Therapy	p. 730
Chemotherapy	p. 730
Surgical Treatment	p. 732
Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT)	p. 732
Personal Factors	p. 733
Technical Hints	p. 734
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 734
Care of Patients With Disabilities	p. 736
Dental and Dental Hygiene Care	p. 738
Appointment Scheduling	p. 740
Barrier-Free Environment	p. 740
Patient Reception: The Initial Appointment	p. 742
Wheelchair Transfers	p. 743
Patient Position and Stabilization	p. 745
Assessment of Patient	p. 746
Oral Manifestations	p. 746
Dental Hygiene Care Plan	p. 747
Disease Prevention and Control	p. 747
Bacterial Plaque Removal	p. 748
Self-Care Aids	p. 749
Instruction for Caregiver	p. 752
Fluorides	p. 754
Pit and Fissure Sealants	p. 755
Diet Instruction	p. 755
Group In-Service Education	p. 756
Instrumentation	p. 758
The Patient Who Is Homebound, Bedridden, or Helpless	p. 761
Homebound Patients	p. 761
The Helpless or Unconscious Patient	p. 764
The Terminally Ill Patient	p. 765
Technical Hints	p. 766
The Patient With a Physical Impairment	p. 768
Spinal Cord Dysfunctions	p. 768
Spinal Cord Injury	p. 770
Myelomeningocele	p. 773
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)	p. 775
Muscular Dystrophies	p. 777
Myasthenia Gravis	p. 778
Multiple Sclerosis	p. 779
Cerebral Palsy	p. 781
Bell's Palsy	p. 783
Parkinson's Disease	p. 784
Arthritis	p. 784
Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis)	p. 786
The Patient With a Sensory Disability	p. 790
Visual Impairment	p. 790
Hearing Impairment	p. 794
Technical Hints	p. 800
The Patient With a Seizure Disorder	p. 801
Epileptic Syndromes	p. 802
Clinical Manifestations	p. 802
Treatment	p. 804
Oral Findings	p. 804
Phenytoin-Induced Gingival Overgrowth	p. 805
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 806
Emergency Care	p. 807
Technical Hints	p. 808
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 808
The Patient With Mental Retardation	p. 810
Mental Retardation	p. 810
Etiology of Mental Retardation	p. 812
General Characteritics	p. 813
Dental and Dental Hygiene Care and Instruction	p. 814
Down's Syndrome	p. 814
Autistic Disorder	p. 816
Technical Hints	p. 818
The Patient With a Mental Disorder	p. 820
Schizophrenia	p. 821
Mood Disorders	p. 824
Major Depressive Disorder	p. 825
Bipolar Disorder	p. 826
Postpartum Mood Disturbances	p. 827
Anxiety Disorders	p. 828
Eating Disorders	p. 830
Anorexia Nervosa	p. 830
Bulimia Nervosa	p. 831
Psychiatric Emergencies	p. 833
The Patient With an Alcohol-Related Disorder	p. 836
Description	p. 836
Metabolism of Alcohol	p. 838
Health Hazards	p. 839
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	p. 840
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome	p. 840
Treatment	p. 841
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 842
Patient Instruction	p. 844
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 844
The Patient With a Cardiovascular Disease	p. 846
Congenital Heart Diseases	p. 848
Rheumatic Heart Disease	p. 849
Mitral Valve Prolapse	p. 850
Infective Endocarditis	p. 850
Hypertension	p. 852
Hypertensive Heart Disease	p. 854
Ischemic Heart Disease	p. 854
Angina Pectoris	p. 856
Myocardial Infarction	p. 857
Congestive Heart Failure	p. 858
Sudden Death	p. 859
Cardiac Pacemaker	p. 859
Anticoagulant Therapy	p. 861
Cardiovascular Surgery	p. 862
Technical Hints	p. 863
Factors to Teach the Patient	p. 863
The Patient With a Blood Disorder	p. 865
Oral Findings Suggestive of Blood Disorders	p. 865
Normal Blood	p. 866
Anemias	p. 869
Iron Deficiency Anemia	p. 870
Megaloblastic Anemias	p. 871
Sickle Cell Disease	p. 871
Polycythemias	p. 873
White Blood Cells	p. 874
Leukemias	p. 874
Dental Hygiene Care	p. 875
Hemorrhagic Disorders	p. 876
Hemophilias	p. 877
The Patient With Diabetes Mellitus	p. 880
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 880
Insulin	p. 881
Diabetes Mellitus: Etiologic Classification	p. 882
Diagnosis of Diabetes	p. 885
Effects of Diabetes	p. 885
Medical Treatment for Diabetes Control	p. 885
Self-care	p. 886
Medication	p. 886
Pancreas Transplantation	p. 887
Blood Glucose Testing	p. 887
Oral Relationships	p. 888
Dental Hygiene Care Plan	p. 888
Diabetes Insipidus	p. 891
Emergency Care	p. 892
Prevention of Emergencies	p. 893
Patient Assessment	p. 894
Stress Minimization	p. 895
Emergency Materials and Preparation	p. 896
Basic Life Support	p. 900
Rescue Breathing	p. 903
External Chest Compression	p. 904
Airway Obstruction	p. 906
Oxygen Administration	p. 908
Specific Emergencies	p. 909
Technical Hints	p. 909
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms	p. 919
Glossary	p. 922
American Dental Hygienists' Association Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienists	p. 934
Average Measurement of the Primary and Permanent Teeth (in millimeters)	p. 938
Index	p. 941
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