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Introduction: How to write history of biology | |
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Subjectivity and bias | |
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Why study the history of biology? | |
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The place of biology in the sciences and its conceptual structure | |
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The nature of science | |
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Method in science | |
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The position of biology within the sciences | |
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How and why is biology different? | |
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Special characteristics of living organisms | |
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Reduction and biology | |
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Emergence | |
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The conceptual structure of biology | |
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A new philosophy of biology | |
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The changing intellectual milieu of biology | |
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Antiquity | |
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The Christian world picture | |
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The Renaissance | |
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The discovery of diversity | |
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Biology in the Enlightenment | |
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The rise of science from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century | |
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Divisive developments in the nineteenth century | |
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Biology in the twentieth century | |
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Major periods in the history of biology | |
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Biology and philosophy | |
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Biology today | |
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Diversity of Life | |
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Macrotaxonomy, the science of classifying | |
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Aristotle | |
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The classification of plants by the ancients and the herbalists | |
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Downward classification by logical division | |
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Pre-Linnaean zoologists | |
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Carl Linnaeus | |
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Buffon | |
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A new start in animal classification | |
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Taxonomic characters | |
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Upward classification by empirical grouping | |
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Transition period (1758-1859) | |
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Hierarchical classifications | |
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Grouping according to common ancestry | |
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The decline of macrotaxonomic research | |
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Numerical phenetics | |
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Cladistics | |
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The traditional or evolutionary methodology | |
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New taxonomic characters | |
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Facilitation of information retrieval | |
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The study of diversity | |
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Microtaxonomy, the science of species | |
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Early species concepts | |
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The essentialist species concept | |
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The nominalistic species concept | |
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Darwin's species concept | |
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The rise of the biological species concept | |
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Applying the biological species concept to multidimensional species taxa | |
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The significance of species in biology | |
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Evolution | |
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Origins without evolution | |
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The coming of evolutionism | |
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The French Enlightenment | |
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Evolution before Darwin | |
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Lamarck | |
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Cuvier | |
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England | |
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Lyell and uniformitarianism | |
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Germany | |
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Charles Darwin | |
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Darwin and evolution | |
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Alfred Russel Wallace | |
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The publication of the Origin | |
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Darwin's evidence for evolution and common descent | |
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Common descent and the natural system | |
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Common descent and geographical distribution | |
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Morphology as evidence for evolution and common descent | |
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Embryology as evidence for evolution and common descent | |
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The causation of evolution: natural selection | |
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The major components of the theory of natural selection | |
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The origin of the concept of natural selection | |
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The impact of the Darwinian revolution | |
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The resistance to natural selection | |
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Alternate evolutionary theories | |
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Diversity and synthesis of evolutionary thought | |
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The growing split among the evolutionists | |
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Advances in evolutionary genetics | |
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Advances in evolutionary systematics | |
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The evolutionary synthesis | |
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Post-synthesis developments | |
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Molecular biology | |
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Natural selection | |
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Unresolved issues in natural selection | |
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Modes of speciation | |
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Macroevolution | |
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The evolution of man | |
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Evolution in modern thought | |
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Variation and Its Inheritance | |
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Early theories and breeding experiments | |
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Theories of inheritance among the ancients | |
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Mendel's forerunners | |
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Germ cells, vehicles of heredity | |
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The Schwann-Schleiden cell theory | |
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The meaning of sex and fertilization | |
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Chromosomes and their role | |
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The nature of inheritance | |
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Darwin and variation | |
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August Weismann | |
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Hugo de Vries | |
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Gregor Mendel | |
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The flowering of Mendelian genetics | |
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The rediscoverers of Mendel | |
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The classical period of Mendelian genetics | |
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The origin of new variation (mutation) | |
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The emergence of modern genetics | |
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The Sutton-Boveri chromosome theory | |
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Sex determination | |
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Morgan and the fly room | |
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Meiosis | |
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Morgan and the chromosome theory | |
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Theories of the gene | |
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Competing theories of inheritance | |
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The Mendelian explanation of continuous variation | |
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The chemical basis of inheritance | |
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The discovery of the double helix | |
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Genetics in modern thought | |
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Epilogue: Toward a science of science | |
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Scientists and the scientific milieu | |
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The maturation of theories and concepts | |
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Impediments to the maturation of theories and concepts | |
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The sciences and the external milieu | |
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Progress in science | |
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Notes | |
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References | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |