| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Author's Note | |
| |
| |
| Prologue | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Making of a World (Seventh-Tenth Century) | |
| |
| |
| |
| A New Power in an Old World | |
| |
| |
| The world into which the Arabs came | |
| |
| |
| The language of poetry | |
| |
| |
| Muhammad and the appearance of Islam | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Formation of an Empire | |
| |
| |
| The succession to Muhammad: the conquest of an empire | |
| |
| |
| The caliphate of Damascus | |
| |
| |
| The caliphate of Baghdad | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Formation of a Society | |
| |
| |
| The end of political unity | |
| |
| |
| A unified society: the economic bases | |
| |
| |
| Unity of faith and language | |
| |
| |
| The Islamic world | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Articulation of Islam | |
| |
| |
| The questions of authority | |
| |
| |
| The power and justice of God | |
| |
| |
| The shari'a | |
| |
| |
| The Traditions of the Prophet | |
| |
| |
| The path of the mystic | |
| |
| |
| The path of reason | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arab Muslim Societies (Eleventh-Fifteenth Century) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Arab Muslim World | |
| |
| |
| States and dynasties | |
| |
| |
| Arabs, Persians and Turks | |
| |
| |
| Geographical divisions | |
| |
| |
| Muslim Arabs and others | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Countryside | |
| |
| |
| Land and its use | |
| |
| |
| Tribal societies | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Life of Cities | |
| |
| |
| Markets and cities | |
| |
| |
| The city population | |
| |
| |
| Law and the 'ulama | |
| |
| |
| Slaves | |
| |
| |
| Muslims and non-Muslims in the city | |
| |
| |
| Women in the city | |
| |
| |
| The shape of the city | |
| |
| |
| Houses in the city | |
| |
| |
| The chain of cities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cities and Their Rulers | |
| |
| |
| The formation of dynasties | |
| |
| |
| The alliance of interests | |
| |
| |
| Control of the countryside | |
| |
| |
| Ideas of political authority | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ways of Islam | |
| |
| |
| The Pillars of Islam | |
| |
| |
| The friends of God | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Culture of the 'Ulama | |
| |
| |
| The 'ulama and the shari'a | |
| |
| |
| The transmission of learning | |
| |
| |
| Kalam | |
| |
| |
| Al-Ghazali | |
| |
| |
| |
| Divergent Paths of Thought | |
| |
| |
| Islam of the philosophers | |
| |
| |
| Ibn 'Arabi and theosophy | |
| |
| |
| Ibn Taymiyya and the Hanbali tradition | |
| |
| |
| The development of Shi'ism | |
| |
| |
| Jewish and Christian learning | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Culture of Courts and People | |
| |
| |
| Rulers and patrons | |
| |
| |
| Poetry and story | |
| |
| |
| Music | |
| |
| |
| Understanding the world | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ottoman Age (Sixteenth-Eighteenth Century) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ottoman Empire | |
| |
| |
| The limits of political power | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman government | |
| |
| |
| The Ottomans and Islamic tradition | |
| |
| |
| Government in the Arab provinces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Societies | |
| |
| |
| Population and wealth in the empire | |
| |
| |
| The Arab provinces | |
| |
| |
| The culture of the Arab provinces | |
| |
| |
| Beyond the empire: Arabia, the Sudan, Morocco | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Changing Balance of Power in the Eighteenth Century | |
| |
| |
| Central and local authorities | |
| |
| |
| Arab Ottoman society and culture | |
| |
| |
| The world of Islam | |
| |
| |
| Changing relations with Europe | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Age of European Empires (1800-1939) | |
| |
| |
| |
| European Power and Reforming Governments (1800-1860) | |
| |
| |
| The expansion of Europe | |
| |
| |
| The beginnings of European empire | |
| |
| |
| Reforming governments | |
| |
| |
| |
| European Empires and Dominant Elites (1860-1914) | |
| |
| |
| The limits of independence | |
| |
| |
| The partition of Africa: Egypt and the Maghrib | |
| |
| |
| The alliance of dominant interests | |
| |
| |
| Control of the land | |
| |
| |
| The condition of the people | |
| |
| |
| The dual society | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Culture of Imperialism and Reform | |
| |
| |
| The culture of imperialism | |
| |
| |
| The rise of the intelligentsia | |
| |
| |
| The culture of reform | |
| |
| |
| The emergence of nationalism | |
| |
| |
| The continuity of Islamic tradition | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Climax of European Power (1914-1939) | |
| |
| |
| The supremacy of Great Britain and France | |
| |
| |
| The primacy of British and French interests | |
| |
| |
| Immigrants and the land | |
| |
| |
| The growth of the indigenous elite | |
| |
| |
| Attempts at political agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changing Ways of Life and Thought (1914-1939) | |
| |
| |
| Population and the countryside | |
| |
| |
| Life in the new cities | |
| |
| |
| The culture of nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Islam of the �lite and the masses | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Age of Nation-States (Since 1939) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The End of the Empires (1939-1962) | |
| |
| |
| The Second World War | |
| |
| |
| National independence (1945-1956) | |
| |
| |
| The Suez crisis | |
| |
| |
| The Algerian war | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changing Societies (1940s and 1950s) | |
| |
| |
| Population and economic growth | |
| |
| |
| The pro?ts of growth: merchants and landowners | |
| |
| |
| The power of the state | |
| |
| |
| Rich and poor in the city | |
| |
| |
| |
| National Culture (1940s and 1950s) | |
| |
| |
| Problems of education | |
| |
| |
| Language and self-expression | |
| |
| |
| Islamic movements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Climax of Arabism (1950s and 1960s) | |
| |
| |
| Popular nationalism | |
| |
| |
| The ascendancy of Nasirism | |
| |
| |
| The crisis of 1967 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arab Unity and Disunity (since 1967) | |
| |
| |
| The crisis of 1973 | |
| |
| |
| The predominance of American in?uence | |
| |
| |
| The interdependence of Arab countries | |
| |
| |
| Arab disunity | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Disturbance of Spirits (since 1967) | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic and religious divisions | |
| |
| |
| Rich and poor | |
| |
| |
| Women in society | |
| |
| |
| A heritage and its renewal | |
| |
| |
| The stability of regimes | |
| |
| |
| The fragility of regimes | |
| |
| |
| Afterword 2002 | |
| |
| |
| Maps | |
| |
| |
| Genealogies and Dynasties | |
| |
| |
| The Family of the Prophet | |
| |
| |
| The Shi'i Imams | |
| |
| |
| The Caliphs | |
| |
| |
| Important Dynasties | |
| |
| |
| Ruling Families in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index of Terms | |
| |
| |
| General index | |