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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Note on Names, Dates, Weights and Measures, and Chinese Characters | |
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Introduction | |
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History, Time, and Memory | |
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The Qing Conquests as a World Historical Event | |
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The Formation of the Central Eurasian States | |
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Environments, State Building, and National Identity | |
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The Unboundedness of Central Eurasia | |
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Trade, Transport, and Travel | |
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The Frontier | |
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Zone | |
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Isolation and Integration | |
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The Ming, Muscovy, and Siberia, 1400-1600 | |
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The Ming and the Mongols | |
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State Formation in Muscovy and Russian Expansion | |
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Siberian and Chinese Frontiers | |
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Central Eurasian Interactions and the Rise of the Manchus, 1600-1670 | |
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Building the Zunghar State | |
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The Rise of the Manchus Mongolian Influence on the Manchu State | |
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Early Modern State Building Compared | |
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Contending for Power | |
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Manchus, Mongols, and Russians in Conflict, 1670-1690 | |
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Kangxi the Ruler Galdan's Intervention | |
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Kangxi's First Personal Expedition | |
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The Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Excluded Middle | |
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Eating Snow: The End of Galdan, 1690-1697 | |
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The Dolon Nor Assembly | |
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The Battle of Jao Modo | |
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The Emperor Rewrites History | |
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The Final Campaigns and the Fate of Galdan | |
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Imperial Overreach and Zunghar Survival, 1700-1731 | |
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The Rise of Tsewang Rabdan | |
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Three Central Eurasian Travelers | |
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The Penetration of Turkestan and Tibet | |
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The New Emperor Changes Tack | |
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The Final Blows, 1734-1771 Transforming the Barbarians through Trade | |
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The Death Knell of the Zunghar State | |
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The Conquest of Turkestan | |
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The Return of the Torghuts | |
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The Economic Basis of Power | |
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Cannons on Camelback: Ecological Structures and Economic Conjunctures | |
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Galdan the State Builder | |
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Nian Gengyao and the Incorporation of Qinghai | |
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Administering the Frontier | |
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Land Settlement and Military | |
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Colonies Deportation from Turfan | |
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Settlement of Xinjiang | |
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Colonization and Land | |
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Clearance Economic Development | |
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Harvests and Relief | |
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Harvests and Yields | |
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Granary Reserves | |
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The Contribution Scandal | |
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The Relief Campaign of 1756 | |
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Currency and Commerce | |
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Money on the Frontier, from Song through Ming | |
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Integration and Stabilization | |
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Commerce as a Weapon of War | |
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Tribute and Frontier Trade | |
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Fixing Frontiers | |
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Moving through the Land | |
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Travel and Authority | |
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Marking Space in Stone | |
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Maps and Power | |
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Expanding the Imperial Gaze | |
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Marking Time: Writing Imperial History | |
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Kangxi's Campaign History | |
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Yongzheng and the Dayi | |
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Juemilu Qianlong's Account of the Zunghar Mongols | |
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A View from the Frontier | |
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Nomadic Chronicles | |
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Legacies and Implications | |
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Writing the National History of Conquest | |
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Statecraft Writers and Empire | |
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Geopolitics and Emperor Worship | |
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Chinese Historians and the Multicultural State | |
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Soviet and Mongolian Attacks on Qing Aggression | |
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Empires, Nations, and Peoples | |
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State Building in Europe and Asia | |
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The Political Ecology of Frontier Conquest | |
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European, Chinese, and Inner Asian Models | |
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Theories of Nomadic Empires | |
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Rethinking the Qing in the World | |
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Frontier Expansion in the Rise and Fall of the Qing | |
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The End of the Qing State | |
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Northwest and Southern Frontiers | |
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The Negotiated State | |
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Commercialization and Regionalization | |
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Appendixes | |
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Rulers and Reigns | |
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The Yongzheng Emperor Reels from the News of the Disaster, 1731 | |
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Haggling at the Border | |
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Gansu Harvests and Yields | |
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Climate and Harvests in the Northwest | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Notes | |
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Bibliography | |
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Illustration | |
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Credits | |
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Index | |