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| Series Editor's Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction: The Field of Contact Linguistics | |
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| The Subject Matter of Contact Linguistics | |
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| History of Research on Language Contact | |
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| The Field of Contact Linguistics | |
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| Types of Contact Situation | |
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| Language maintenance | |
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| Language shift | |
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| Language creation: new contact languages | |
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| Overview of Contact Situations and their Outcomes | |
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| The Social Contexts of Language Contact | |
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| Language contact in its social settings | |
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| Language Maintenance and Lexical Borrowing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| "Casual" Contact and Lexical Borrowing | |
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| English influence on the Japanese lexicon | |
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| Contact in Settings Involving "Unequal" Bilingualism | |
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| French influence on the lexicon of Middle English | |
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| Chinese influence on the Japanese lexicon | |
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| Lexical Borrowing in Equal Bilingual Situations | |
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| Social Motivations for Lexical Borrowing | |
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| The Processes and Products of Lexical Borrowing | |
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| The Integration of Loanwords | |
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| Phonological integration of loanwords | |
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| Morphological integration of loanwords | |
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| Linguistic Constraints on Lexical Borrowing | |
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| Structural Consequences of Lexical Borrowing | |
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| Impact of lexical borrowing on phonology | |
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| Impact of lexical borrowing on morphology | |
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| Impact of lexical borrowing on the lexicon | |
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| Summary | |
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| Structural Diffusion in Situations of Language Maintenance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Is there Direct Borrowing of Structural Features? | |
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| Factors Affecting Structural Convergence | |
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| Structural Convergence in Stable Bilingual Situations | |
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| Spanish in LA | |
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| A situation of unstable bilingualism: French/English contact on Prince Edward Island | |
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| Sprachbunde: Contact Across Contiguous Speech Communities | |
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| The Balkan Sprachbund | |
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| A Case of Intimate Inter-Community Contact: Arnhem Land | |
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| Ritharngu and Ngandi | |
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| Nunggubuyu and Warndarang | |
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| Factors regulating convergence in Arnhem Land | |
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| Heavy to Extreme Structural Diffusion: Borrowing or Substratum Influence? | |
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| Old Norse influence on Old English | |
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| Situations in level 5 of Thomason and Kaufman's borrowing scale | |
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| Convergence in Kupwar | |
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| Convergence in Northwest New Britain | |
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| The Social Contexts of Structural Convergence | |
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| Linguistic Constraints on Structural Diffusion into a Maintained Language | |
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| Constraints on borrowing of morphology | |
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| Constraints based on congruence | |
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| Constraints based on transparency/markedness | |
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| Functionally based constraints | |
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| Constraints on Syntactic Diffusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Code Switching: Social Contexts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining Code Switching | |
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| Code switching versus borrowing | |
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| Code switching versus "interference" | |
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| Social Motivations for Code Switching | |
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| Code switching and sociolinguistic domains | |
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| Micro-level analysis: code switching and conversation | |
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| Toward a theory of the social meaning of conversational code switching | |
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| Code switching and Communication Accommodation Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Code Switching: Linguistic Aspects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structural Constraints on Code Switching | |
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| Equivalence-based constraints | |
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| Government-based approaches to code switching | |
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| A Production-Based Model of Code Switching | |
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| Hypotheses of the MLF model | |
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| Establishing the matrix language | |
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| Constraints on Code Switching Within the MLF model | |
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| Constraints on switching of system morphemes | |
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| Constraints on switching of content morphemes | |
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| Constraints on Multi-Word Switches (EL Islands) | |
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| The EL Island Trigger Hypothesis | |
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| EL islands and the notion of congruence | |
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| Further Issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| Bilingual Mixed Languages | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition and Classification | |
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| Media Lengua | |
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| Structural characteristics | |
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| Adaptation of Spanish items to Quechua structure | |
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| Processes of change: the Relexification Hypothesis | |
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| Michif | |
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| Sociohistorical background | |
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| Sources of Michif structure | |
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| Phonology | |
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| NP structure | |
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| VP structure | |
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| Syntax of Michif | |
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| Convergence and innovation in Michif | |
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| Mechanisms and processes in the genesis of Michif | |
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| Creations Associated with Language Shift | |
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| The Case of Ma'a | |
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| Historical background | |
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| Structural features | |
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| The genesis of Ma'a | |
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| The Strange Case of Copper Island Aleut | |
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| Sociohistorical background | |
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| Structural characteristics of Copper Island Aleut | |
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| Processes and constraints in Copper Island Aleut origins | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sociohistorical background and social motivations | |
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| Processes and origins | |
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| Second Language Acquisition and Language Shift | |
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| An Overview of Individual Second Language Acquisition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| L1 Influence in SLA | |
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| L1 influence on the TL lexicon | |
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| L1 influence on L2 phonology | |
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| L1 influence on L2 morphology | |
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| L1 influence on TL syntax | |
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| Simplification in SLA | |
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| Internal Developments in L2 Systems | |
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| Developmental Stages in SLA | |
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| General characteristics of early interlanguage | |
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| Strategies and Processes in SLA | |
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| Principles and Constraints on SLA | |
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| The early stages of SLA: processing and learning principles | |
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| Constraints in the elaboration of L2 grammar | |
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| Typological universals and SLA | |
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| Markedness constraints and L1 influence in SLA | |
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| Constraints on transfer | |
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| Cognitive principles and IL development | |
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| Group Second Language Acquisition or Language Shift | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Irish English | |
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| Substratum influence on Irish English | |
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| "Indigenized" Englishes and Similar Contact Varieties | |
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| Issues in the Study of Language Shift | |
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| Processes of formation | |
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| Degrees of "fossilization" or approximation in group SLA | |
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| Colloquial Singapore English: a case of early IL "fossilization"? | |
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| Linguistic Constraints in Language Shift | |
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| Constraints on L1 influence | |
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| The concept of "transfer" in group SLA | |
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| Transfer as psycholinguistic process | |
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| Non-Structural Factors in Language Shift | |
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| Questions of Classification | |
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| First Language Attrition and Death | |
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| Introduction | |
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| External (Social) Factors in Language Death | |
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| Macro-level social factors | |
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| Stages of language attrition and death | |
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| Sociolinguistic factors within the shifting community | |
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| The Linguistic Consequences of L1 Attrition | |
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| Language decay | |
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| Language Attrition in Relation to Other Contact Phenomena | |
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| Summary | |
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| Pidgins and Pidginization | |
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| Introduction: Definitions | |
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| Social Contexts of Pidgin Formation | |
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| Russenorsk: A Brief Sketch | |
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| Structural Characteristics of Pidgins | |
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| Pidgin morphology and syntax | |
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| Pidgin lexicon | |
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| Pidgin phonology | |
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| Pidgin Formation in Relation to Early SLA | |
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| Processes of pidgin formation | |
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| Principles and constraints in pidgin formation | |
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| Elaborated or Extended Pidgins | |
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| The origins and development of extended pidgins | |
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| Social contexts of early Pacific Pidgin English | |
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| The emergence of early Melanesian Pidgin | |
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| Further elaboration of MP grammar | |
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| Simplified Languages | |
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| Issues of Classification Revisited | |
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| Summary | |
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| Creole Formation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining Creoles | |
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| The Sociohistorical Background to Creole Formation | |
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| Portuguese colonization | |
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| The social contexts of creole formation | |
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| Community settings and codes of interaction | |
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| The Emergence of "Intermediate" Creoles: Bajan | |
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| The social context | |
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| Linguistic inputs and outcomes in Barbados | |
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| The Emergence of Radical Creoles: Suriname | |
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| The sociohistorical background | |
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| Some Aspects of Creole Grammar | |
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| Creole phonology | |
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| Creole lexicon | |
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| Creole morphology and morphosyntax | |
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| Creole TMA systems | |
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| Creole syntax | |
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| Theories of Creole Formation | |
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| Reconstructing creole formation: a caveat | |
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| Radical Creole Formation as SLA | |
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| The target of acquisition | |
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| Restructuring in creole grammar | |
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| Mechanisms, Constraints, and Principles in Creole Formation | |
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| Constraints on the linguistic inputs | |
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| Substrate influence: mechanisms and constraints | |
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| Leveling in creole formation | |
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| Universal Principles and Creole Formation | |
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| Universals and L1 influence | |
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| Universals and internal developments | |
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| Grammaticalization in creoles | |
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| Externally Motivated Change in Later Creole Development | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |