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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Advice to Readers and Format of the Volume | |
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| Knowledge and Certainty | |
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| Innate Knowledge: Plato, Meno | |
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| Knowledge versus Opinion: Plato, Republic | |
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| Demonstrative Knowledge and its Starting-points: Aristotle, Posterior Analytics | |
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| New Foundations for Knowledge: Renu Descartes, Meditations | |
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| The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Innate Knowledge Defended: Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding | |
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| Scepticism versus Human Nature: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Experience and Understanding: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason | |
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| From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness: Georg Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit | |
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| Against Scepticism: G. E. Moore, A Defence of Common Sense | |
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| Specimen Questions.uggestions for Further Reading | |
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| The Allegory of the Cave: Plato, Republic | |
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| Individual Substance: Aristotle, Categories | |
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| Supreme Being and Created Things: Renu Descartes, Principles of Philosophy | |
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| Qualities and Ideas: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Substance, Life and Activity: Gottfried Leibniz, New System | |
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| Nothing Outside the Mind: George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge | |
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| The Limits of Metaphysical Speculation: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Metaphysics, Old and New: Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena | |
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| Being and Involvement: Martin Heidegger, Being and Time | |
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| The End of Metaphysics?: Rudolf Carnap, The Elimination of Metaphysics | |
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| Specimin Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Mind and Body | |
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| The Immortal Soul: Plato, Phaedo | |
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| Soul and Body, Form and Master: Aristotle, De Anima | |
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| The Human Soul: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae | |
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| The Incorporeal Mind: Renu Descartes, Meditations | |
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| The Identity of Mind and Body: Benedict Spinoza, Ethics | |
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| Mind-Body Correlations: Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics | |
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| Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will: Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea | |
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| The Problem of Other Minds: John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton''s Philosophy | |
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| The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena: Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint | |
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| The Myth of the ''Ghost in the Machine'': Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind | |
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| Specimen Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| The Self and Freedom:he Self | |
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| The Self and Consciousness: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding | |
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| The Self as Primitive Concept: Joseph Butler, Of Personal Identity | |
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| The Self as Bundle: David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature | |
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| The Partly Hidden Self: Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis | |
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| Liberation from the Self: Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Human Freedom and Divine Providence: Augustine of Hippo, The City of God | |
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| Freedom to Do What We Want: Thomas Hobbes, Liberty, Necessity and Chance | |
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| Absolute Determinism: Pierre Simon de Laplace, Philosophical Essay on Probability | |
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| Condemned to be Free: Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness | |
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| Determination and Our Attitudes to Others: Peter Strawson, Freedom and Resentment | |
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| Specimen Questions.uggestions for Further Reading | |
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| God and Religion | |
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| The Existence of God: Anselm of Canterbury, Proslogion | |
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| The Five Proofs of God: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae | |
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| God and the Idea of Perfection: Renu Descartes, Meditations | |
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| The Wager: Blaise Pascal, Pensues | |
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| The Problem of Evil: Gottfried Leibniz, Theodicy | |
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| The Argument from Design: David Hume, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion | |
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| Against Miracles: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding | |
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| Faith and Subjectivity: S<$$$>ren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript | |
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| Reason, Passion and the Religious Hypothesis: William James, The Will to Believe | |
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| The Meaning of Religious Language: John Wisdom, Gods | |
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| Specimen Questions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Science and Method | |
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| Four Types of Explanation | |