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Introduction to Students: How to Read Primary and Secondary Sources | |
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Reconstruction, 1865-1877 | |
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Documents | |
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African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Newfound Freedom, c. 1865 | |
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Louisiana Black Codes Reinstate Provisions of the Slave Era, 1865 | |
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President Andrew Johnson Denounces Changes in His Program of Reconstruction, 1868 | |
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Congressman Thaddeus Stevens Demands a Radical Reconstruction, 1867 | |
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton Questions Abolitionist Support for Female Enfranchisement, 1868 | |
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The Fourteenth Amendment Grants Citizenship and Due Process of Law to African Americans, 1868 | |
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Elias Hill, an African American Man, Recounts a Nighttime Visit from the Ku Klux Klan, 1871 | |
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Missouri Senator Carl Schurz Admits the Failures of Reconstruction, 1872 | |
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Mississippi Congressman L.Q.C. Lamar Denounces Reconstruction, 1874 | |
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Essays | |
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Social Class Divides Negro State Legislators in South Carolina | |
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Impeding Reconstruction Eric Foner | |
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The Odds Against the Success of Reconstruction Were Great | |
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Western Settlement and the Frontier in American History | |
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Documents | |
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The Homestead Act Provides Free Land to Settlers, 1862 | |
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Pioneer Mary Barnard Aguirre Marries into the Spanish West, 1863 | |
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The Federal Government Punishes Confederate Indians, 1865 | |
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Katie Bighead (Cheyenne) Remembers Custer and the Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876 | |
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Chief Joseph (Nez Perc?) Surrenders, 1877 | |
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The Dawes Severalty Act Further Reduces Indian Landholdings, 1887 | |
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Wyoming Gunfight: An Attack on Chinatown, 1885 | |
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Southern Freedmen Resolve to Move West, 1879 | |
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The Jorgensens Long for Other Danes, 1906 | |
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Frederick Jackson Turner Articulates the Frontier Thesis, 1893 | |
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Essays | |
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Frontier Democracy Patricia Nelson Limerick | |
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The Legacy of Conquest: America's Conflicted Frontier | |
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Industrialization, Workers, and the New Immigration | |
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Documents | |
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Poet Emma Lazurus Praises the New Colossus, 1883 | |
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A Slovenian Boy Remembers Tales of the Golden Country, 1909 | |
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Immigrant Thomas O'Donnell Laments the Plight of the Worker, 1883 | |
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The Knights of Labor Demand Reform, 1878 | |
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Unionist Samuel Gompers Asks "What Does the Working Man Want?" 1890 | |
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Steel Magnate Andrew Carnegie Preaches a Gospel of Wealth, 1889 | |
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Engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor Fashions the Ideal Worker, 1910 | |
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Jurgis Rudkus Discovers the Saloon in The Jungle, 1905 | |
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Essays: Oscar Handlin | |
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The Uprooted Roy Rosenzweig | |
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Ethnic Enclaves and The Workers' Saloon | |
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Imperialism and World Power | |
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Documents | |
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Governor Theodore Roosevelt Praises the Strenuous Life, 1899 | |
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Filipino Leader Emilio Aguinaldo Rallies His People to Arms, 1899 | |
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The American Anti-Imperialist League Denounces U.S. Policy, 1899 | |
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Mark Twain Satirizes the Battle Hymn of the Republic, 1900 | |
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A Soldier Criticizes American Racism in the Philippines, 1902 6 The Platt Amendment Limits Cuban Independence, 1903 | |
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The Roosevelt Corollary Makes the United States the Police of Latin America, 1904 | |
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President Woodrow Wilson Disavows Territorial Conquest, 1913 | |
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Essay Gail Bederman | |
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Gendering Imperialism: Theodore Roosevelt's Quest for Manhood and Empire | |
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Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 | |
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The Progressive Movement | |
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Documents | |
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Journalist Lincoln Steffens Exposes the Shame of Corruption, 1904 | |
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Political Boss George Washington Plunkitt Defends "Honest" Graft, 1905 | |
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Social Worker Jane Addams Advocates Civic Housekeeping, 1906 | |
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President Theodore Roosevelt Preaches Conservation and Efficiency, 1908 | |
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Prohibition Poem Castigates the Tyranny of Alcohol, 1910 | |
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Industrialist Henry Ford Lectures Against Cigarettes, 1914 | |
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Sociologist William Graham Sumner Denounces Reformers' Fanaticism, 1913 | |
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Rewriting the Constitution: Amendments on Income Tax, Election of Senators, Prohibition, and the Vote for Women, 1913-1920 | |
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Black Leader Booker T. Washington Advocates Compromise, 1895 | |
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NAACP Founder W.E.B. DuBois Counters Booker T. Washington, 1903 | |
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Essays | |
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The Status Revolution and Progressive Leaders Gerald Woods | |
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Fighting the Good Fight (Against the Disreputable Pleasures) in San Francisco and Los Angeles | |
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America in World War I | |
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Documents | |
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President Woodrow Wilson Asks Congress to Declare War, 1917 | |
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Senator Robert M. La Follette Voices His Dissent, 1917 | |
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A Union Organizer Testifies to Vigilante Attack, 1917 | |
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The U.S. Government Punishes War Protestors: The Espionage Act, 1918 | |
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Wilson Proposes a New World Order in the "Fourteen Points," 1918 | |
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George M. Cohan Sings About Patriotism in "Over There," 1918 | |
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Novelist John Dos Passos: "Remembering the Gray Crooked Fingers," 1919 | |
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George Creel Recalls Selling the War, 1920 | |
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Cartoons for and Against the League of Nations, 1920 | |
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Essays | |
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Wilson as a Peace Advocate Out of Touch with Reality Tony Smith | |
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Wilson as Father and Foreteller of a New World Order | |
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Crossing a Cultural Divide: The Twenties | |
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Documents | |
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The Governor of California Tells of the "Oriental Problem," 1920 | |
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The Ku Klux Klan Defines Americanism, 1926 | |
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Author Richard Wright Recalls "Living Jim Crow" in the Twenties, 1937 | |
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Langston Hughes: Poet of the 1920s Harlem Renaissance | |
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Clarence Darrow Interrogates William Jennings Bryan in the Monkey Trial, 1925 | |
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Bruce Barton Sees Jesus as an Advertising Man, 1925 | |
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The Automobile Comes to Middletown, U.S.A, 1929 | |
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A Survey Examines the Morals of High School Students, 1924 | |
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F. Scott Fitzgerald Reveals Attitudes About Gender and Race in The Great Gatsby, 1925 | |
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Essays | |
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Sex and Youth in the Jazz Age | |
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Fundamentalists vs. Modernists in the Scopes Monkey Trial | |
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The Depression, the New Deal, and Franklin D. Roosevelt | |
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Documents | |
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President Herbert Hoover Applauds Limited Government, 1931 | |
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The Nation Asks "Is It to Be Murder, Mr. Hoover?" 1932 | |
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Business Leader Henry Ford Advocates Self-Help, 1932 | |
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John Steinbeck Portrays the Outcast Poor in The Grapes of Wrath, 1939 | |
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Woody Guthrie Sings "This Land Is Your Land," 1940 | |
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President Franklin Roosevelt Seeks Justice for "One-Third of a Nation," 1937 | |
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An Architect of Social Security Recalls the Southern Concession, 1935 | |
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Social Security Advisers Consider Male and Female Pensioners, 1938 | |
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The Wagner Act Allows Workers to Unionize, 1935 | |
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Nelson Rockefeller Lectures Standard Oil on Social Responsibility, 1937 | |
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Essays | |
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FDR: Advocate for the American People | |
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FDR: Savior of Capitalism | |
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The Ordeal of World War II | |
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Documents | |
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Nazi Leader Adolf Hitler Links Race and Nationality, 1927 | |
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Japan Announces a 'New Order' in Asia, 1938 | |
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt Asks Congress to Declare War, 1941 | |
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British Prime Minister Winston Churchill Reacts to Pearl Harbor, 1941 | |
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt Identifies the "Four Freedoms" at Stake in the War, 1941 | |
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An African American Soldier Notes the 'Strange Paradox' of the War, 1944 | |
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Stanford Professor Yamato Ichihashi Writes of His Internment, 1942 | |
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Roosevelt and Soviet Premier Josef Stalin Plan the United Nations, 1943 | |
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Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr Warns of American Naivete, 1944 | |
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General Dwight Eisenhower Reports to General George Marshall on the German Concentration Camps, 1945 | |
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Essays | |
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Visitors to Hell: Omaha Beach on D-Day Alan Brinkley | |
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Over Here: World War II and American Liberalism | |
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The Cold War and the Nuclear Age | |
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Documents | |
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Secretary of War Henry Stimson Appeals for Atomic Talks with the Soviets, 1945 | |
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Diplomat George F. Kennan Advocates Containment, 1946 | |
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Democrat Henry A. Wallace Questions the "Get Tough" Policy, 1946 | |
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Soviet Ambassador Nikolai Novikov Sees a U.S. Bid for World Supremacy, 1946 | |
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The Truman Doctrine Calls for the United States to Become the World's Police, 1947 | |
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The Marshall Plan Seeks to Rebuild Europe, 1948 | |
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National Security Council Paper No. 68 (NSC-68) Arms America, 1950 | |
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Senator Joseph McCarthy Describes the Internal Communist Menace, 1950 | |
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The Federal Loyalty-Security Program Questions a Postal Clerk, 1954 | |
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President Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex, 1961 | |
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Essays | |
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Truman's Hard-Line Policy | |
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Two Cold War Empires: Friendly Persuasion vs. Brute Force | |
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The 1950s "Boom": Affluence and Anxiety | |
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Documents | |
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Congress Passes the G.I. Bill of Rights, 1944 | |
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Science News Letter Reports a Baby Boom, 1954 | |
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Life Magazine Identifies the New Teen-age Market, 1959 | |
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A Young American Is "Born on the Fourth of July," 1946 | |
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Congress Adds God to the Pledge of Allegiance, 1954 | |
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Parental Indulgence Is Criticized in Rebel Without a Cause, 1955 | |
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Paul Goodman Describes Growing Up Absurd, 1956 | |
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Governor Adlai Stevenson Tells College Women About Their Place in Life, 1955 | |
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Feminist Betty Friedan Describes the Problem That Has No Name, 1959 | |
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Essays | |
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A Decade to Make One Proud | |
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Families in the Fifties: The Way We Never Were | |
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Making the Great Society: Civil Rights | |
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Documents | |
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The United Nations Approves a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 | |
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The Supreme Court Rules on Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 | |
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Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., Defends Seamstress Rosa Parks, 1955 | |
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Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Remembers Civil Rights on TV, 1957 | |
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Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 | |
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Black Muslim Malcolm X Warns: The Ballot or the Bullet, 1964 | |
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Congress Approves the Voting Rights Act, 1965 | |
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A National Organization for Women Calls for Equity, 1966 | |
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Mexican Americans Form "La Raza Unida," 1968 | |
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A Proclamation from the Indians of All Tribes, Alcatraz Island, 1969 | |
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Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990 | |
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Essays | |
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The Preconditions for Racial Change | |
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A Leader for His Time | |
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The Sixties: Left, Right, and the Culture Wars | |
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Documents | |
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President John Kennedy Tells Americans to Ask "What You Can Do," 1961 | |
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Bill Moyers Remembers Kennedy's Effect on His Generation (1961), 1988 | |
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President Lyndon B. Johnson Declares War on Poverty, 1964 | |
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Young Americans for Freedom Draft a Conservative Manifesto, 1960 | |
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Students for a Democratic Society Advance a Reform Agenda, 1962 | |
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Alabama Governor George Wallace Pledges "Segregation Forever," 1963 | |
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A Protester at Columbia University Speaks on Long Hair and Revolution, 1969 | |
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Vice-President Spiro Agnew Warns of the Threat to America, 1969 | |
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Folk Singer Malvina Reynolds Sees Young People in "Little Boxes," 1963 | |
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Carl Rogers Describes "What Really Goes On in an Encounter Group," 1970 | |
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Essays | |
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Sixties Liberalism and the Revolution in Manners | |
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Vietnam and the Downfall of Presidents | |
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Documents | |
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Independence Leader Ho Chi Minh Pleads with Harry Truman for Support, 1946 | |
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President Dwight Eisenhower Warns of Falling Dominoes, 1954 | |
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President Lyndon B. Johnson Explains Why America Must Fight, 1965 | |
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Defense Analyst John McNaughton Advises Robert McNamara on War Aims, 1965 | |
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Undersecretary of State George Ball Advocates Compromise with Hanoi, 1965 | |
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A Marine Remembers His Idealism (1965), 1977 | |
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Students for a Democratic Society Oppose the War, 1965 | |
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Martin Luther King, Jr., Takes a Stand, 1967 | |
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White House Counsel John W. Dean III Presents the "Enemies List," 1971 | |
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Senator Sam J. Ervin Explains the Watergate Crimes, 1974 | |
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Essays | |
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Cold War Blinders and the Tragedy of Vietnam | |
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Vietnam: A Necessary War | |
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Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Resurgence | |
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Documents | |
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President Jimmy Carter Laments the Crisis of Confidence, 1979 | |
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President Ronald Reagan Sees a Stronger America, 1985 | |
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Reagan Calls for a Fight Against Sin, Evil, and Communism, 1983 | |
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National Review Explains Social Conservatism, 1988 | |
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Baptist Minister Jerry Falwell Condemns Feminism and the Equal Rights Amendment, 1980 | |
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Facts and Figures: Graphs on Earnings, Inequality, and Imports, 1986 | |
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A Unionist Blasts the Export of Jobs, 1987 | |
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The Secretary of Labor Applauds Deregulation of Home Work, 1988 | |
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Immigrants Do "Home Work" in Modern Sweatshops, 1988 | |
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Bill Clinton's 1992 Campaign: "It's the Economy, Stupid" | |
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Essays | |
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The Reagan Revolution and the New Capitalism | |
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Mortgaging the Future and Bankrupting the Nation | |