A Memo to Writers | |
Accuracy and Logic | |
Reliable sources | |
Accurate information | |
Sweeping generalizations | |
Exaggeration | |
Circular reasoning | |
False comparisons | |
Sticking to the point | |
Appeals to prejudice | |
Cause and effect | |
The either...or fallacy | |
Writing and Revising | |
Finding a worthy subject | |
Developing your ideas and planning your paper | |
Organizing systematically | |
Adapting to your audience | |
Using an appropriate tone | |
Choosing appropriate tense and number | |
Stating your thesis | |
Writing an appropriate length paper | |
Writing a first draft | |
REvising your draft | |
Model paper | |
Composing and revising on a computer | |
Writing Paragraphs | |
Writing a topic sentence | |
Unifying paragraphs | |
Developing paragraphs | |
Trimming, tightening, or dividing paragraphs | |
Using appropriate development methods | |
Using transitional devices Grammar | |
Grammar The Parts of Speech | |
Nouns | |
Pronouns | |
Verbs | |
Adjectives | |
Adverbs | |
Conjunctions | |
Prepositions | |
Interjections | |
The Parts of Sentences | |
Simple subjects, complete subjects, compound subjects | |
Simple predicates, complete predicates, compound predicates | |
Complements | |
Phrases | |
Clauses | |
Kinds of sentences Sentence Errors | |
Sentence Fragments | |
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences | |
Verb Forms | |
Tense and Sequence of Tenses | |
Present tense | |
Past tense | |
Future tense | |
Progressive tenses | |
Perfect tenses | |
Present infinitive | |
Consistency | |
Voice | |
Subjunctive Mood | |
Subject and Verb: Agreement | |
Singular verb with a singular subject | |
Plural verb with a plural subject | |
Compound subject | |
Compound subject with or, nor, etc | |
Phrases and clauses between a subject and a verb | |
Collective nouns | |
Nouns plural in form, singular in meaning | |
Indefinite pronouns | |
All, some, part, etc | |
There, here k. Agreement with subject, not predicate nominative | |
After a relative pronoun | |
With titles or words used as words | |
Expressions of time, money, measurement, etc | |
Pronouns and Antecedents: Agreement, Reference, and Usage | |
Singular pronoun with a singular antecedent | |
Plural pronoun with a plural antecedent | |
Compound antecedent with and | |
Compound antecedent with or, nor, etc | |
Collective noun as antecedent | |
Each, either, etc | |
Vague and ambiguous antecedents | |
Which, who, that | |
Pronouns ending in -self, -selves | |
Case | |
Subjects and subjective complements | |
Direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions | |
Subjects and objects of infinitives | |
Appositives | |
After than or as | |
Who, Whom | |
Apostrophe or of phrase for possession | |
Words preceding a gerund | |
Adjectives and Adverbs | |
Adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs | |
After linking verbs be, become, seem, etc | |
After a verb and its object | |
Comparative and superlative degrees | |
Avoiding double comparatives and superlatives | |
Absolute concepts and absolute modifiers | |
Avoiding double negatives Sentence Structure | |
Choppy Sentences and Excessive Coordination | |
Subordination | |
Subordination of less important ideas | |
Avoiding overlapping subordination | |
Completeness | |
Omission of verbs and prepositions | |
Omission of that | |
Comparisons | |
Illogical comparisons | |
Using the word other | |
Awkward and incomplete comparisons | |
Consistency | |
Avoiding shifts in grammatical forms | |
Avoiding faulty predication | |
Avoid constructions is when, is where, or the reason is because | |
Position of Modifiers | |
Dangling | |
Misplaced | |
Limiting | |
Squinting | |
Separation of Elements | |
Subject and verb, parts of a verb phrase, or verb and object | |
A sentence containing a quotation | |
Split infinitives | |
Parallelism | |
With coordinating conjunctions | |
With correlative conjunctions | |
With and who, and which, or and that | |
Variety Punctuation | |
Commas | |
Between two independent clauses | |
In a series | |
Between coordinate adjectives | |
After introductory phrases and clauses | |
With nonessential elements | |
With sentence modifiers, conjunctive adverbs, and elements out of order | |
With degrees, titles, dates, places, addresses | |
For contrast or emphasis | |
With mild interjections and yes or no | |
With direct address and salutations | |
With expressions like he said, she remarked | |
With absolute phrases m. To prevent misreading or to mark an omission | |
Unnecessary Commas | |
Between subject and verb, verb and object, adjective and word it modifies | |
Before coordinating conjunctions | |
Not with essential clauses, phrases, or appositives | |
After coordinating conjunctions | |
Before subordinating conjunctions | |
After the opening phrase of an inverted sentence | |
Before the first or after the last item in a series | |
Before than | |
After like or such as | |
With period, question mark, dash, exclamation point | |
Before parentheses | |
Semicolons | |
Between independent clauses not connected by a coordinating conjunction | |
To separate independent clauses | |
In a series between items that have internal punctuation | |
Not between elements that are not grammatically equal | |
Colons | |
After formal introduction of a quotation | |
After formal introduction of a series of items | |
After a formal introduction of an appositive | |
Between two independent clauses | |
In salutations, times, bibliographical entries | |
Not after linking verbs or prepositions | |
Dashes | |
Parentheses | |
Brackets | |
Quotation Marks | |
Direct quotations and dialogue | |
Quotation within a quotation | |
Titles of short works | |
Not with titles of your own papers | |
Not for emphasis, slang, irony, humor | |
Not with block quotations | |
With other punctuation | |
End Punctuation | |
Period at end of a sentence | |
Period after abbreviations | |
Ellipsis points for omission | |
Punctuation of titles | |
Question mark after direct question | |
No question mark within parentheses or exclamation point for humor | |
Exclamation point Mechanics | |
Manuscript Forms, Business Letters, and Reacute;sumeacute;s | |
Manuscripts | |
Business letters and applications | |
Reacute;sumeacute;s | |
Italics | |
Titles | |
Names of ships and trains | |
Foreign words | |
Words, letters, figures | |
Rarely use for emphasis | |
Not for titles of your own papers | |
Spelling | |
Spell-checking | |
Proofreading | |
Distinguishing homonyms | |
Spelling strategies | |
Hyphenation and Syllabication | |
Compound words | |
Compound adjectives | |
Compound numbers | |
Dividing a word at the end of line | |
Apostrophes | |
For possessive nouns not ending in s | |
For possessive of singular nouns ending in s | |
Without s for possessive of plural nouns ending in s | |
For possessive of indefinite pronouns | |
For joint possession | |
For omissions and contractions | |
For a | |
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