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Aggression in Everyday Life | |
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What Is Aggression? | |
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Violent and Nonviolent Aggression | |
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Types of Violence in Relationships | |
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Gender Differences in Violence and Aggression | |
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Beliefs About Which Is the More Violent Sex | |
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Societal Expectations for When People Should Be Aggressive | |
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Gender Differences in Everyday Aggressive Behavior | |
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Statistics on Criminal Violence | |
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Gender Differences in Criminal Behavior | |
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Victims of Criminal Violence | |
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Violence From Strangers and Those We Know | |
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Fear of Crime, Especially Violent Crime | |
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Research on Victims of Violence and Those Who Are Aggressive | |
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Methodology in Violence Research | |
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Samples Used in Violence Research | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Understanding Violence and Aggression: The Environment and Learning | |
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Psychological Research on Aggression | |
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Frustration and Aggression | |
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Pain, Frustration, and Aggression | |
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Environmental Disasters | |
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Unpleasant Environmental Conditions | |
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Psychological Frustration and Stress | |
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Situations in Which Frustration Does Not Lead to Aggression | |
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Arousal and Violence | |
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Alcohol and Aggression | |
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Other Forms of Arousal and Aggression | |
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Women and Men as Targets of Aggression | |
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Learning of Aggression | |
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Conditioning and Rewards for Aggressiveness | |
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Observational Learning | |
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Television and Films as a Source of Models for Aggression | |
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Aggression in Other Media | |
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Effects of Pornography | |
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Gender Socialization | |
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Other Ways of Learning to Be Aggressive | |
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Unlearning of Aggression | |
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Training for Nonaggressive Reactions to Conflict | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Understanding Violence and Aggression: Biological Factors in Aggression and the Aggressive Personality | |
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Genetic Influences on Aggressiveness | |
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Finding Genetic Influences by Studying Twins | |
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Genetic Influences on Related Personality Characteristics | |
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Testosterone and Aggressiveness | |
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The Sex Hormones | |
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Testosterone and Sexual Feelings | |
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Testosterone and Male Aggression | |
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Testosterone and the Environment | |
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Treatment of Violent Sex Offenders by Removal of Testosterone | |
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Female Sex Hormones and Testosterone | |
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Testosterone and Dominance in Women | |
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Other Correlates of Testosterone in Women and Men | |
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Complications in Interpreting the Effects of Testosterone | |
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The Aggressive Personality | |
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"Normal" Aggression | |
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Highly Aggressive Individuals | |
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The Aggressive Personality in Children | |
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Adult and Childhood Violence Are Not Always Related | |
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Motivations for Aggression in Adults | |
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Nonviolent Personality | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Reactions to Victimization | |
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Posttraumatic Stress Reactions | |
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Events Producing Posttraumatic Stress Reactions | |
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Predicting the Severity of Reactions to Trauma | |
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Reactions to the Traumatic Event and to Fears of Future Victimization | |
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Coping Responses | |
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Escape and Emotional Withdrawal From What Happened | |
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Isolation and Social Withdrawal | |
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Problem Solving or Taking Action to Change the Situation | |
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Fighting Back as a Form of Coping | |
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Feeling Control Over One's Life | |
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Helping Others to Feel Powerful and in Control | |
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Self-Blame and Information Seeking | |
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Redefining the Event | |
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Focusing on the Positive | |
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Seeking Help From Others | |
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Futile Help Seeking | |
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Positive Forms of Help From Others | |
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Formal Psychological Help: Treatment After Psychological Trauma | |
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Help from the Police and Social Agencies | |
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Effectiveness of Different Coping Strategies | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Battered Women and Intimate Terrorism | |
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Societal Attitudes About Marital Violence | |
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Research on Battered Women | |
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Battered Wives and Severe Violence | |
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Overview of the Development of Intimate Terrorism | |
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Reasons Battered Women Stay and Leave | |
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Reactions to Severe Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Motives for Intimate Terrorism | |
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Getting Help From Others | |
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Help From Friends and Family | |
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Other Sources of Help | |
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Battered Women's Shelters | |
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Formal Counseling Programs | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Reexamining Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Assumptions Held by Researchers About Intimate Partner Violence | |
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How Common Is Male and Female Violence in Intimate Relationships? | |
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Studies of Marital Violence | |
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Studies of Dating Violence | |
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Violence in Same-Sex Relationships | |
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"Common" Couple Violence | |
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Characteristics of Mutually Violent Relationships | |
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Motives for Relationship Violence | |
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Responses to Partner Violence | |
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Female Violence Only | |
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Empirical Research Comparing Types of Violent Marriages | |
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Comparing Violent and Nonviolent Relationships | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Rape and Sexual Assault | |
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What Is Rape? | |
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Formal Definitions of Rape | |
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Victim Definitions of Rape | |
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Gender Differences in Rape Definitions | |
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Societal Attitudes About Rape | |
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Beliefs About Male and Female Sexuality Within Christian Beliefs | |
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Other Predictors of Belief in Rape Myths | |
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How Often Does Rape Occur? | |
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Community Samples | |
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Female College Students | |
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Comparing Stranger Sexual Assault and "Acquaintance" Sexual Assault | |
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Forced Sex as a Form of Relationship Violence | |
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Violence and Forced Sex in Marriages: Marital Rape | |
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Unwanted Sex in Unmarried Women and Men | |
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Reactions to Rape or Rape Attempts | |
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Immediate Reactions to Rape Attempts | |
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Long-Term Reactions to Rapes | |
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Other Effects of Rape | |
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Help Seeking in Rape Victims | |
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Police and the Legal System | |
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Professional Counseling | |
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Motives for Rape: Who Are the Rapists? | |
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Investigations of the Idea That Rape Is Normative | |
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Specific Attitudes and Personality Factors That Predict Rape in Males | |
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Multiple Types of Male Rapists? | |
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Motives of Sexually Aggressive Women | |
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Forced Sex May Not Always Be Unwanted | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Child Abuse, Incest, and Learning to Be Violent | |
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Defining Physical and Sexual Child Abuse | |
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How Common Is Child Abuse? | |
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Spanking and Physical Punishment | |
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Finding Out About Serious Forms of Physical Punishment or Sexual Abuse | |
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Statistics on Physical Child Abuse | |
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Change in Statistics on Child Abuse | |
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Characteristics of Physically Abusive Parents | |
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Beliefs That Their Children Are Hostile | |
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Parental Stress and Child Abuse | |
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Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse | |
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Other Characteristics of Abusive Parents | |
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Consequences for the Child of Physical Abuse by Parents | |
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Direct Effects of Physical Abuse on the Child | |
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Observation of Adult Violence | |
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Delinquency and Criminal Behavior | |
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Effects of Negative Childhood Experiences on the Tendency to Rape | |
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Lack of Parental Attention | |
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The Cycle of Violence: Abused Children Grow Up to Be Violent Spouses | |
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Not All Abused Children Become Abusive as Adults | |
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Incest and Sexual Abuse of Children | |
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Prevalence of Child Sex Abuse and Incest | |
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Memory of Child Sexual Experiences | |
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Father-Child Sexual Contact | |
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Effects of Child Sex Experiences: Long-Term Psychological Reactions | |
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Studies of Child Sex Experiences in Females | |
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Studies of Child Sex Experiences in Males | |
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Problems in Research on Abuse of Children | |
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Summary | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Summing Up | |
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The Need for More Theoretical Context for Studies of Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Reassessing Gender Differences in Aggression | |
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Feminism and Beliefs About Male Aggression | |
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Understanding Female Violence and Aggression | |
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Are Overall Levels of Violence Decreasing? | |
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Stopping Violence | |
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Raising Nonviolent Children | |
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Rape Prevention Programs | |
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Treatment of Sex Offenders | |
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What Is Nonviolence? | |
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Conclusion | |
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Study Questions | |
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Related Web Sites | |
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Case Studies | |
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References | |
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Name Index | |
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Subject Index | |