| |
| |
| |
| The Varieties of Scientific Experience | |
| |
| |
| The Savvy Research Student | |
| |
| |
| The Skeptical Consumer | |
| |
| |
| What Is Science? | |
| |
| |
| Recognizing Pseudoscience | |
| |
| |
| Neuroscience in the Service of Pseudoscience | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tools of the Trade | |
| |
| |
| Rules to Help you Recognize Pseudoscience | |
| |
| |
| What Is the Scientific Method? | |
| |
| |
| Epistemology for Scientists | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Research Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Fraud | |
| |
| |
| Plagiarism | |
| |
| |
| Ethics of Animal Use | |
| |
| |
| |
| More, Please! | |
| |
| |
| Just the Facts: Animal Research in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Animal Use | |
| |
| |
| Human Participants | |
| |
| |
| Respect for Persons | |
| |
| |
| Beneficence | |
| |
| |
| Justice | |
| |
| |
| General Ethical Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Getting Started | |
| |
| |
| Picking a Question | |
| |
| |
| What Are the Big Questions? | |
| |
| |
| Influence of Dogma or Bias on Selecting Your Research Question | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Avoid | |
| |
| |
| Forming a Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| Work With a Mentor | |
| |
| |
| Read, Read, Read! | |
| |
| |
| |
| More, Please! | |
| |
| |
| Primary Versus Secondary Sources | |
| |
| |
| Narrow Your Focus | |
| |
| |
| What Makes a Good Hypothesis? | |
| |
| |
| |
| More, Please! | |
| |
| |
| Model Versus Theory? | |
| |
| |
| Operationalizing Your Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is an Experiment? | |
| |
| |
| Observational Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| More, Please! | |
| |
| |
| Scales of Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| More, Please! | |
| |
| |
| Double Dissociation | |
| |
| |
| The Experiment | |
| |
| |
| Independent-Samples Design | |
| |
| |
| Control of Other Variables | |
| |
| |
| Randomization | |
| |
| |
| Inferential Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Drawing a Sample From a Population | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tools of the Trade | |
| |
| |
| Random Elements | |
| |
| |
| Testing the Null Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| The Power of the Experiment: Inferring Cause and Effect | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controlling Extraneous Variables | |
| |
| |
| What Variables Need to Be Controlled? | |
| |
| |
| Controlling Subject Variables | |
| |
| |
| The Within-Subjects Design | |
| |
| |
| The Matched-Samples Design | |
| |
| |
| Attrition | |
| |
| |
| Assessing an Intervention for Reading Disability | |
| |
| |
| Placebo Controls | |
| |
| |
| Single- and Double-Blind Strudies | |
| |
| |
| Vehicle Controls and Sham Surgery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tools of the Trade | |
| |
| |
| A Few Special Concerns for Pharmacological Studies | |
| |
| |
| Controlling Order Effects: Counterbalancing | |
| |
| |
| Time-Series Design | |
| |
| |
| When Experiments Are Impossible: Quasi-Experiments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tools of the Trade | |
| |
| |
| The Design of fMRI Experiments | |
| |
| |
| Transgenic or Knockout Mice | |
| |
| |
| External Validity and Internal Validity | |
| |
| |
| |
| More, Please! | |
| |
| |
| A Cautionary Tale | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Than One Predictor Variable: Factorial Designs | |
| |
| |
| Why Include More Than One Independent or Predictor Variable? | |
| |
| |
| Describing Factorial Designs | |
| |
| |
| Describing Results From Factorial Designs: Main Effects and Interactions | |
| |
| |
| Examples of 2 x 2 Factorial Experiments | |
| |
| |
| Example 1 | |
| |
| |
| Example 2 | |
| |
| |
| Other Designs With More Than One Independent Variable | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Research | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correlational Designs | |
| |
| |
| Designing a Correlational Study | |
| |
| |
| Scatterplots | |
| |
| |
| The Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| Cautions in Interpreting Results From Correlational Studies | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review of All Research Designs | |
| |
| |
| Check Your Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Think About It | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Working With Your Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing a Research Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Table of Random Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |