Preface to the Fourth Edition | p. xi |
What Is Ethics? | p. 1 |
Plato: Socratic Morality: Crito | p. 8 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 14 |
Ethical Relativism versus Ethical Objectivism | p. 15 |
Herodotus: Custom Is King | p. 20 |
Thomas Aquinas: Objectivism: Natural Law | p. 20 |
Ruth Benedict: A Defense of Ethical Relativism | p. 33 |
Louis Pojman: A Critique of Ethical Relativism | p. 38 |
Gilbert Harman: Moral Relativism Defended | p. 52 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 62 |
Ethical Egoism | p. 63 |
Thomas Hobbes: The Leviathan | p. 66 |
Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism | p. 79 |
Brian Medlin: Ultimate Principles and Ethical Egoism | p. 90 |
Jesse Kalin: In Defense of Egoism | p. 95 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 109 |
Value | p. 111 |
Jeremy Bentham: Classical Hedonism | p. 115 |
Robert Nozick: The Experience Machine | p. 118 |
Richard Taylor: Value and the Origin of Right and Wrong | p. 120 |
Friedrich Nietzsche: The Transvaluation of Values | p. 127 |
Derek Parfit: What Makes Someone's Life Go Best? | p. 134 |
Thomas Nagel: Value: The View from Nowhere | p. 141 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 150 |
Utilitarianism | p. 151 |
John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism | p. 155 |
J. J. C. Smart: Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism | p. 177 |
Kai Nielsen: Against Moral Conservatism | p. 183 |
Bernard Williams: Against Utilitarianism | p. 192 |
John Hospers: Rule-Utilariannism | p. 201 |
Robert Nozick: Side Constraints | p. 211 |
Philippa Foot: Utilitarianism and the Virtues | p. 215 |
Samuel Scheffler: Agent-Centered Restrictions, Rationality, and the Virtues | p. 224 |
Diane Jeske and Richard Fumerton: Relatives and Relativities: A Critique of Consequentialism | p. 233 |
Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality | p. 241 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 249 |
Kantian and Deontological Systems | p. 251 |
Immanuel Kant: The Foundation for the Metaphysic of Morals | p. 255 |
W. D. Ross: What Makes Right Acts Right? | p. 275 |
Onora O'Neill: Kantian Formula of the End in Itself and World Hunger | p. 284 |
Thomas Negel: Moral Luck | p. 294 |
Philippa Foot: Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect | p. 302 |
Judith Jarvis Thomson: Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem | p. 309 |
Warren Quinn: Actions, Intentions, and Consequences: The Doctrine of Double Effect | p. 318 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 328 |
Virtue-Based Ethical Systems | p. 329 |
Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue | p. 333 |
Bernard Mayo: Virtue and the Moral Life | p. 347 |
William Frankena: A Critique of Virtue-Based Ethics | p. 350 |
Walter Schaller: Are Virtues No More Than Dispositions to Obey Moral Rules? | p. 356 |
Alasdair MacIntyre: The Nature of the Virtues | p. 363 |
Susan Wolf: Moral Saints | p. 377 |
Louis P. Pojman: In Defense of Moral Saints | p. 388 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 397 |
The Fact/Value Problem: Metaethics in the Twentieth Century | p. 399 |
David Hume: On Reason and the Emotions: The Fact/Value Distinction | p. 405 |
G. E. Moore: Non-Naturalism | p. 412 |
A. J. Ayer: Emotivism | p. 419 |
R. M. Hare: Prescriptivism: The Structure of Ethics and Morals | p. 425 |
Geoffrey Warnock: The Object of Morality | p. 433 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 441 |
Moral Realism and the Challenge of Skepticism | p. 443 |
J. L. Mackie: The Subjectivity of Values | p. 446 |
Jonathan Harrison: A Critique of Mackie's Error Theory | p. 456 |
Gilbert Harman: Moral Nihilism | p. 465 |
Nicholas Sturgeon: Moral Explanations | p. 474 |
Geoffrey Sayre-McCord: Moral Theory and Explanatory Impotence | p. 486 |
Bernard Williams: Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy | p. 501 |
Bruce Russell: Two Forms of Ethical Skepticism | p. 513 |
Michael Smith: A Defense of Moral Realism | p. 525 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 535 |
Morality, Self-Interest and Future Selves | p. 537 |
Plato: Why Be Moral? | p. 540 |
Richard Taylor: On the Socratic Dilemma | p. 546 |
David Gauthier: Morality and Advantage | p. 551 |
Gregory Kavka: A Reconciliation Project | p. 559 |
Derek Parfit: Later Selves and Moral Principles | p. 571 |
Bernard Williams: Persons, Character, and Morality | p. 585 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 595 |
Religion and Ethics | p. 597 |
Plato: Morality and Religion | p. 600 |
Immanuel Kant: God and Immortality as Necessary Postulates of Morality | p. 602 |
Bertrand Russell: A Free Man's Worship | p. 606 |
George Mavrodes: Religion and the Queerness of Morality | p. 611 |
Kai Nielsen: Ethics Without God | p. 619 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 625 |
Contemporary Challenges to Classical Ethical Theory | p. 627 |
Sociobiology, Feminism, and the Question of Moral Responsibility | p. 627 |
Charles Darwin: Ethics and the Descent of Man | p. 630 |
E. O. Wilson: Sociobiology and Ethics | p. 644 |
Michael Ruse: Evolution and Ethics: The Sociobiological Approach | p. 647 |
Elliot Sober: Prospects for an Evolutionary Ethics | p. 663 |
J. L. Mackie: The Law of the Jungle: Evolution and Morality | p. 674 |
Suggestions for Further Reading on Sociobiology | p. 681 |
Feminist Ethics: The Ethics of Care | p. 682 |
Carol Gilligan: In a Different Voice | p. 682 |
Cheshire Calhoun: Justice, Care, and Gender Bias | p. 688 |
Michael Levin: Is There a Female Morality? | p. 696 |
Suggestions for Further Reading on Feminist Ethics | p. 712 |
The Challenges of Determinism to Moral Responsibility and Desert | p. 712 |
Galen Strawson: The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility | p. 712 |
Louis Pojman: Free Will, Determinism, and Moral Responsibility: A Response to Galen Strawson | p. 722 |
Suggestions for Further Reading on Moral Responsibility | p. 729 |
A Glossary of Ethical Terms | p. 731 |
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