Preface | p. XII |
Introduction | |
The Emergence of Gender in Criminology | p. 3 |
Invisibility of Women and Girls in Crime | p. 4 |
Sex Versus Gender | p. 11 |
What Is Feminism? | p. 15 |
What is Feminist Method? | p. 19 |
Effect of Societal Images on Women in Crime | p. 21 |
Diversity Among Women | p. 24 |
Summary | p. 26 |
Female Offending | |
Critiquing Criminological Theories | p. 33 |
The Traditional, Positivist Studies | p. 35 |
Strain and Subcultural Theories | p. 40 |
Differential Association Theory | p. 43 |
Labeling Theory | p. 45 |
Social Control Theory | p. 47 |
Marxist/Radical Theories | p. 52 |
Women's Liberation/Emancipation Hypothesis | p. 54 |
Biosocial and Evolutionary Psychological Theories | p. 56 |
Feminist and Pro-Feminist Theories | p. 58 |
Summary | p. 71 |
The Frequency and Nature of Female Offending | p. 80 |
Description of Offending | p. 81 |
The Importance of How Crime Rates Are Measured and the Roles of Gender, Age, Race, and Class | p. 87 |
Female Offending in Context | p. 89 |
Summary | p. 117 |
Processing Women and Girls in the System | p. 125 |
Criminal Laws and Sex Discrimination | p. 126 |
Sentencing Laws and Sex Discrimination | p. 129 |
Three Hypotheses of Sex Discrimination in Crime Processing | p. 131 |
Chivalry and Paternalism | p. 132 |
Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Crime Processing | p. 133 |
Summary | p. 149 |
Incarcerating, Punishing, and "Treating" Offending Women and Girls | p. 155 |
History of Institutionalizing Females | p. 156 |
Women's Prisons Today | p. 163 |
Rates of Imprisonment | p. 166 |
Who Is in Women's Prisons and Delinquent Girls' Institutions? | p. 168 |
Girls' "Correctional" Institutions | p. 171 |
Psychological Aspects of Women's Imprisonment | p. 173 |
Parenthood: A Gender Difference among Prisoners | p. 176 |
Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs | p. 179 |
Health Care Services | p. 182 |
The Prison Subculture | p. 186 |
Co-Corrections | p. 191 |
Women and the Death Penalty | p. 194 |
Summary | p. 195 |
Female Victims of Male Violence | |
The Image of the Female Victim | p. 205 |
The Link between Actual Victimizations and the Fear of Crime | p. 207 |
Effect of Culture on Gender Roles | p. 210 |
Gender Disparities in Power | p. 212 |
Threat of Violence | p. 213 |
Victim Blaming | p. 215 |
Victimization of Women and Girls of Color | p. 218 |
The Victimization of Women and Girls with Disabilities | p. 220 |
Summary | p. 221 |
Sexual Victimization | p. 227 |
Defining Sexual Victimization | p. 227 |
Historical Issues in Defining Sexual Victimization | p. 228 |
Statistics on Sexual Victimization | p. 230 |
Who Are the Victims? | p. 232 |
Who Are the Offenders? | p. 233 |
The Victim-Offender Relationship | p. 235 |
Child Sexual Victimization | p. 235 |
Date Rape | p. 240 |
Marital Rape | p. 246 |
Sexual Harassment | p. 249 |
Sexual Victimization and the Crime-Processing System | p. 253 |
Summary | p. 258 |
Woman Battering and Stalking | p. 267 |
Defining Battering and Stalking | p. 267 |
History of Identifying Battering as a Social Problem | p. 270 |
The Frequency of Battering and Stalking | p. 272 |
Walker's Cycle Theory of Violence | p. 276 |
Why Do (Some) Men Batter? | p. 277 |
Who Are the Batterers and Stalkers? | p. 278 |
Inhibitors to Leaving a Violent Relationship | p. 281 |
The Constant Threat of Danger | p. 289 |
Woman Battering and the Crime-Processing System | p. 291 |
Health Professionals | p. 303 |
Summary | p. 305 |
Women Workers | |
Working Women: Breaking the Barriers | p. 319 |
Movement from the Private to the Public Sphere | p. 320 |
Movement Toward Gender Equality | p. 327 |
Legal Implications | p. 333 |
The History of Women's Entry into Decision-Making Positions in the Criminal-Processing System | p. 339 |
Summary | p. 350 |
Working Women: on the Job | p. 356 |
Legal Pressure for Women's Employment in Crime Processing | p. 357 |
The Current Rate of Women's Employment in the Criminal-Processing System | p. 358 |
Women as Tokens in the Workplace | p. 362 |
Women as Tokens in Crime-Processing Jobs since the 1970s | p. 366 |
Institutionalized Sexism | p. 368 |
Institutionalized Heterosexism | p. 369 |
Gender Similarities and Differences in Job Performances | p. 369 |
Organizational, Social, and Individual Resistance and Support Regarding Women's Work in Crime-Fighting Jobs | p. 371 |
Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: A Roadblock for Women Guards in Male Prisons | p. 384 |
Classifications of Women Employees in Male-Dominated Jobs | p. 387 |
Summary | p. 391 |
Conclusions | |
Effecting Change | p. 401 |
New Theories | p. 401 |
Changing the Treatment of Female Offenders | p. 402 |
Changing Responses to Male Violence Against Women | p. 409 |
Changes for Women Crime-Processing Professionals | p. 416 |
Summary | p. 419 |
Name Index | p. 427 |
Subject Index | p. 440 |
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