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About the Author | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction and Univariate Analyses | |
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Statistics and Variables | |
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Statistics and Data | |
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Overview of Statistics | |
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Samples and Populations | |
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Variables | |
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Levels of Measurement | |
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Mutually Exclusive and Collectively Exhaustive | |
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Continuous and Discrete Variables | |
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What Cases, Variables, and Data Files Look Like | |
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Aggregate Data | |
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Ideas and Thinking | |
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Playing with Data | |
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Summing Up Chapter 1 | |
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Frequency and Percentage Distributions | |
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Frequency Distributions | |
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Percentage Distributions | |
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Cumulative Distributions | |
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Creating Sensible and Well-Formatted Tables | |
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Collapsing Variables | |
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Excluding Missing Data | |
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Selecting Subsets of Cases | |
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Pie Charts and Bar Graphs | |
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Outliers | |
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Mapping Ecological Variables | |
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Summing Up Chapter 2 | |
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Percentages Distributions, Graphs, and Maps | |
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Averages | |
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Mode | |
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Median | |
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Mean | |
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Properties of the Mean | |
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The Mean for Dichotomous Variables | |
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Which to Use--Mode, Median, or Mean? | |
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Summing Up Chapter 3 | |
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Measures of Variation | |
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Variances and Standard Deviations | |
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Shapes of Distributions | |
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Standard Scores (Z-Scores) | |
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Normal Distributions | |
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Sampling Distributions | |
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Confidence Intervals | |
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Some Cautions Using Univariate Statistics | |
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Summing Up Chapter 4 | |
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Averages and Standard Deviations | |
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Bivariate Analyses | |
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Cross-tabulation | |
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Bivariate Frequency Tables | |
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Bivariate Percentage Tables | |
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How to Read Percentage Tables | |
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Positive, Negative, and Curvilinear Relationships | |
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Format Conventions for Bivariate Tables | |
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Stacked Bar Graphs for Bivariate Relationships | |
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A Caution About Bivariate Tables Based on Small Ns | |
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Association Does Not Imply Causation | |
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Summing Up Chapter 5 | |
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The Chi-Square Test of Statistical Significance | |
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The Logic of Tests of Statistical Significance | |
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The Chi-Square Test | |
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Problems with Expected Frequencies Less Than 5 | |
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Statistical Significance Does Not Mean Substantive Significance | |
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Significance Tests on Population Data | |
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Summing Up Chapter 6 | |
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Measures of Association for Cross-tabulations | |
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Overview of Measures of Association | |
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Chi-Square-Based Measures for Nominal Variables: V and [phi] | |
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Lambda | |
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Choosing a Nominal Measure of Association | |
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Measures of Association for Ordinal Variables: Gamma | |
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Somers' D[subscript YX] | |
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Measures of Association: An Overview | |
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Summing Up Chapter 7 | |
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Bivariate Cross-tabulations | |
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Comparison of Means and t Test | |
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Box-and-Whiskers Diagrams/Differences Between Means | |
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t Test for the Difference Between Means | |
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Assumptions and Cautions Concerning t Test | |
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One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests | |
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Confidence Intervals for Differences Between Means | |
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Summing Up Chapter 8 | |
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Comparison of Means and t Test | |
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Analysis of Variance | |
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Box-and-Whiskers Diagrams/Differences Among Means | |
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Purpose and Assumptions of Analysis of Variance | |
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The Logic of Analysis of Variance | |
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The ANOVA Table | |
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The Correlation Ratio (E[superscript 2]) | |
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Two-Way Analysis of Variance (and Beyond) | |
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Three Cautions About Statistically Significant F Ratios | |
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Summing Up Chapter 9 | |
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Analysis of Variance | |
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Regression and Correlation | |
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Scatterplots | |
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Scatterplots and the Strength of Relationships | |
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Some Limitations of Scatterplots | |
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Regression and Least-Squares Lines | |
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Calculating Regression Coefficients | |
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Correlation Coefficient (r) | |
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r[superscript 2] as Proportion of Variation Explained | |
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Correlations Between Dichotomous Variables | |
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Association Still Does Not Imply Causation | |
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Linear and Nonlinear Relationships | |
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Test of Significance for a Correlation Coefficient | |
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Correlation Matrix | |
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Summing Up Chapter 10 | |
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Regression and Correlation | |
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Multivariate Analyses | |
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Multivariate Cross-tabulation | |
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The Logic of Causal Relationships | |
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Spurious Relationships | |
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Some Terminology | |
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Examples of Spurious Relationships | |
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Replication | |
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Somewhere Between Explanation and Replication | |
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Specification | |
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Suppressor Variables | |
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Controlling for an Intervening Variable | |
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Partial Gamma | |
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An Overview of Elaboration | |
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Elaboration and Problems of Small Ns | |
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The Relationship of Multivariate Analysis to Experiment Design | |
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Summing Up Chapter 11 | |
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Multivariate Cross-tabulation | |
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Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
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Extending the Regression Model | |
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Multiple Correlation Coefficient | |
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Standardized Regression Coefficients (Beta Coefficients) | |
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Significance Tests for Multiple Correlation Coefficients | |
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Regression with Dichotomous and Dummy Variables | |
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Summing Up Chapter 12 | |
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Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
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Statistical Tables | |
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The Chi-Square Distribution | |
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The t Distribution | |
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The F Distribution: p = .05 | |
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The F Distribution: p = .01 | |
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The F Distribution: p = .001 | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |