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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Scripture Among the World's Religions | |
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A Brief History of Scripture Scholarship | |
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The Nature and Definition of Scripture | |
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The Uses of Scripture | |
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Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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World Scriptures and Modern Scholarship | |
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Scriptures and the World Wide Web | |
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The Plan of This Book | |
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A Guide to Pronunciation | |
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Suggestions on How to Read Scriptures | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Hinduism | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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Teaching | |
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Aditi and the Birth of the Gods (Rig-Veda 10.72) | |
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The Creation Hymn (Rig-Veda 10.129) | |
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Creation from Brahman (Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad 1.4.1-7) | |
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The God Indra (Rig-Veda 2.12) | |
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The God Shiva (Shvetashvatara Upanishad 3.1-13) | |
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"That You Are" (Chandogya Upanishad 6.1-2, 9-11) | |
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Organization | |
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The Creation of the Caste System (Rig-Veda 10.90) | |
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The Four Castes (Institutes of Vishnu 2.1-17) | |
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Ethics | |
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Sin and Forgiveness (Rig-Veda 7.86) | |
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The Way of Asceticism (Mundaka Upanishad 2.1-3, 5-8, 10-13) | |
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Stages of Life for a Twice-Born Man (Laws of Manu 2.69-74, 191-201; 3.1-19; 6.1-9, 33-49) | |
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The Life of Women (Laws of Manu 3.55-60; 5.147-165) | |
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Ritual and Meditation | |
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The Gayatri Mantra (Rig-Veda 3.62.10) | |
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Hymn to Agni (Rig-Veda 1.1) | |
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The Meaning of the Agnihotra Sacrifice (Agni-Brahmana 1.1-19) | |
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Soma (Rig-Veda 8.48) | |
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Marriage (Rig-Veda 10.85.20-47) | |
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Cremation (Rig-Veda 10.16) | |
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Charms and Spells (Atharva-Veda 6.20; 7.70; 6.9; 3.16) | |
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Chanting of Om (Chandogya Upanishad 1.1.1-10) | |
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The Practice of Yoga (Shvetashvatara Upanishad 2.8-15) | |
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Selections from the Bhagavad-Gita | |
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Non-Sanskrit Sources (Two Tamil Poets) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Buddhism | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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History | |
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The Past Lives of Gotama Buddha (Jataka 190) | |
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The Life of Gotama Buddha (Selections from the Buddhacarita) | |
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The Death of Gotama Buddha (Mahaparinibbana Sutta 6.1-14, 31-35, 45-48) | |
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Teaching | |
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The Sermon on the Four Noble Truths (Dhammacakkapparattana Sutta, 1-8) | |
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The Skandhas and the Chain of Causation (Buddhacarita 16.1, 28-50) | |
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The Essence of Buddhism (The Heart Sutra) | |
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A Mahayana View of the Buddha (Saddharma-pundarika Sutra 2.36; 10.1) | |
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Ethics | |
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Conduct of the Monk (Dhammapada 25.360-382) | |
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Admonition to Laity (Cullavagga, Dhammikasutta 18-29) | |
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The Wisdom of the Buddha (Dhammapada 1-20, 157-166) | |
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Organization | |
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Founding of the Order (Mahavagga 1.6.10, 11-16, 27-30, 32, 34, 37) | |
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The Rules of Defeat (Patimokkha, Parajika Dhamma 1-4) | |
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Rules Requiring Formal Meetings (Patimokkha, Samghadisesa Dhamma 1-13) | |
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The Order of Nuns (Cullavagga 10.1.1-6) | |
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Ritual and Meditation | |
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The Relics of the Buddha (Mahaparinibbana Sutta 6.58-60) | |
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Mindfulness in Meditation (Majjhima-Nikaya, Satipatthanasutta 10.1-9) | |
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The Merit of Making Images (Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo, 16, no. 694) | |
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Scripture to Guide the Soul After Death (Bardo Thodol 1.1-2) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Jainism | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin, Development, and Use | |
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History | |
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The Life of Mahavira (Acaranga Sutra 2.15.6-9, 14, 16-20, 22-25, 27) | |
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Teaching | |
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The Causes of Sin (Acaranga Sutra 1.1-2) | |
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The Road to Final Deliverance (Uttaradhyayana 28) | |
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Organization | |
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The Five Great Vows (Acaranga Sutra 2.15.i-v) | |
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Ethics | |
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Ahimsa (Sutrakritanga 1.7.1-9) | |
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Rules for Monastic Life (Uttaradhyayana 35) | |
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The True Monk (Uttaradhyayana 15.1-16) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Sikhism | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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Teaching | |
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Selections from the Japji (1-3, 5-6, 9-10, 12-13, 15, 17-18, 20-22, 25, 28-29, 33, 37-Epilogue) | |
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Remembering God (Gauri Sukhmani, M. 5) | |
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Creation of the World (Asa Ki Var, M. 1) | |
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Dancing for Krisna (Rag Gurji, M. 3) | |
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The Hindu Thread (Asa Ki Var, M. 1) | |
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Ethics | |
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Prayer for Forgiveness (Rag Bihagra, M. 5) | |
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Against the Use of Wine (Rag Bihagra, M. 1) | |
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Ritual | |
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Hymn for the Installation of the Guru Granth (Rag Devgandhari, M. 5) | |
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A Marriage Hymn (Rag Asa, M. 5) | |
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Organization | |
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The Guru (Rag Gauri, M. 3) | |
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God's Power in the Sikh Community (Rag Gauri, M. 5) | |
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Selections from the Dasam Granth | |
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Guru Gobind Singh's Story (Vichitar Natak, 6) | |
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God as the Holy Sword (Vichitar Natak, 1) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Confucianism | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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History | |
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The Character of Confucius (Analects 2.4; 7.1-9, 19-24; 10.1-4, 8-12) | |
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Ethics | |
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The Virtues of the Superior Man (Analects 1.1-4, 6-9, 14; 15.17-23) | |
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Benevolence (Analects 4.1-6) | |
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The Actions of Filiality (Classic of Rites, 10.1, 4, 7, 10-11, 13-15) | |
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The Attitude of Filiality (Analects 2.5-8; 4.18-21; 13.18) | |
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Propriety (Analects 3.3-4, 8-9, 12-15, 17-19) | |
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The Way (Analects 16.2) | |
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The Love of Learning (Analects 17.8-9, 12) | |
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The Goodness of Human Nature (Mencius 6.1.1-4, 6) | |
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The Basis of Good Government (The Great Learning 1-7; 9.1, 3-9) | |
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The Ruler as Example to the People (Analects 2.18-20; 12.11, 17, 19; 13.5-6) | |
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Confidence and Prosperity in Government (Mencius 4.3, 9; 1.6.20-24) | |
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Ritual | |
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Divination (Classic of Changes 1, 47, 54) | |
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Songs for Sacrifice (Classic of Poetry, Shang 1; Kau 7; Minor Odes 10.1, 3, 5) | |
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Music and Morality (Classic of Rites 17.2.10-11, 15-18, 20-21) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Taoism | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin, Development, and Use | |
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Teaching | |
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The Nature of the Tao (Tao Te Ching, 1, 6, 25, 34; Chuang-tzu 29) | |
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The World (Tao Te Ching 7, 42, 52) | |
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Ethics | |
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Non-action (Chuang-tzu, book 7) | |
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Individual Life in Harmony with the Tao (Tao Te Ching 16, 22, 33, 44) | |
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The Superior Man (Chuang-tzu, book 12) | |
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Government (Tao Te Ching 3, 18, 57, 64) | |
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On Death (Chuang-tzu, book 18) | |
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Reward and Retribution (T'ai-Shang, book 1) | |
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Ritual | |
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Methods of Prolonging Life (Pao-p'u tzu 15.6b-7a; 19.6b-7a) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Shinto | |
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Introduction | |
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The Kojiki | |
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The Nihongi | |
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Selections from the Kojiki | |
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Preface to the Kojiki | |
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The Creation of Japan (Kojiki, Chapters 1-5, 11, 33) | |
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Emperor Yuryaku and the Story of the Woman Akawi-ko (Kojiki 154) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Zoroastrianism | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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History | |
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The Call of Zarathushtra (Yasna 29) | |
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A Hymn of Praise to Zarathushtra (Yasht 24: 87b-94) | |
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Teaching | |
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Hymn to Ahura and the Purifying Fire (Yasna 36) | |
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Hymn to Ahura Mazda the Creator (Yasna 37:1-5) | |
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The Doctrine of Dualism (Yasna 30) | |
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Worship and Ritual | |
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The Place of the Gathas (Yasna 55:1-3) | |
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The Zoroastrian Confession (Yasna 12) | |
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The Four Great Prayers (From the Yasna) | |
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Disposal of the Dead (Vendidad, Fargard 6, section 5, 44-51) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Judaism | |
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Introduction | |
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Names | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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History | |
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The Call of Abraham (Genesis 12:1-9) | |
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The Call of Moses (Exodus 3:1-20) | |
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Crossing the Red Sea (Exodus 14:1-31) | |
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The Covenant with Israel (Exodus 19:1-8) | |
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A Psalm for David (Psalm 132) | |
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Ezra's Enforcement of Torah Observance (Ezra 9:1-7, 13-15; 10:1-12) | |
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Teaching | |
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The Oneness of God (Deuteronomy 6:1-9) | |
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God as the Divine Shepherd (Psalm 23) | |
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God's Creation of the World (Genesis 1:1-31; 2:1-9, 15-25) | |
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The Revolt of Humanity (Genesis 3:1-24) | |
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Prayer for Divine Deliverance (Psalm 5) | |
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A Light to the Nations (Isaiah 42:1-7) | |
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The Messianic King (Isaiah 11:1-9) | |
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The Final Judgment of the World (Daniel 7:1-14) | |
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Resurrection of the Dead (Daniel 12:1-3) | |
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Ethics | |
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The Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-14) | |
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Laws on Slaves, Violence, Property (Exodus 21:1-36; 22:15-26) | |
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Justice for All (Exodus 23:1-9) | |
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Holy War (Deuteronomy 20:1-20) | |
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Sexual Love (Song of Songs 1:1-2:17) | |
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God's Call to an Unfaithful People (Amos 4:1-13) | |
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Two Views of Wisdom (Proverbs 1:1-33; Ecclesiastes 1:1-9) | |
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The Virtuous Wife (Proverbs 31:10-31) | |
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Organization | |
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The Ordination of Priests (Exodus 29:1-37) | |
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A Call to Be a Prophet (Isaiah 6:1-13) | |
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Women as Judges and Prophets (Judges 4:4-10, 14-16; II Kings 22:11-20) | |
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Ritual | |
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The Establishment of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14, 23-27) | |
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The Establishment of the Passover (Exodus 12:1-19, 24-27) | |
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The Observance of the Sabbath (Exodus 31:12-17) | |
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Offerings for the Forgiveness of Sin (Leviticus 4:27--5:10) | |
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The Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16:1-5, 11-19, 29-34) | |
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Kosher and Nonkosher Foods (Leviticus 11:1-31, 41-47) | |
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Selections from the Mishnah and Talmud | |
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The Sayings of the Fathers (Mishnah, Aboth 1.1-18) | |
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The Duty to Marry and Have Children (Babylonian Talmud, Yebamoth 61b-63) | |
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Praising God in Bad Times (Babylonian Talmud, Berakoth 5) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Christianity | |
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Introduction | |
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Names | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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History | |
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The Birth of Jesus the Messiah (Matthew 1:18-25) | |
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Jesus Denounces Pharisees and Lawyers (Luke 11:37-54) | |
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Jesus' Miracles (Luke 8:26-56) | |
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The Arrest, Trial, and Death of Jesus (Mark 14:43-50, 53-65; 15:1-41) | |
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The Resurrection of Jesus (Mark 16:1-8) | |
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The Ascension of Jesus (Acts 1:6-11) | |
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The Coming of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:1-21) | |
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Persecution of the Apostles (Acts 5:27-42) | |
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The Council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:1-21) | |
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Teaching | |
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The Parables of Jesus (Mark 4:1-34) | |
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The Word Became Human (John 1:1-18) | |
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Nicodemus Visits Jesus (John 3:1-21) | |
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A Sinful Woman Forgiven (Luke 7:36-50) | |
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Results of Justification (Romans 5:1-11) | |
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The Resurrection of Christ and the Believer (I Corinthians 15:1-11, 35-58) | |
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The End of Time (Matthew 25:31-46; Revelation 20:1-21:4) | |
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Ethics | |
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The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7) | |
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Directions Concerning Marriage (I Corinthians 7:1-16, 25-40) | |
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Love (I Corinthians 13:1-13) | |
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Ethics in the Christian Household (Ephesians 5:21-6:9) | |
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Being Subject to Authorities (Romans 13:1-10) | |
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The Fall of Rome (Revelation 17:1-18:5) | |
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Organization | |
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The Twelve Apostles and Their Mission (Matthew 10:1-15) | |
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Matthew's Church Order (Matthew 18:1-22) | |
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Peter as the Rock (Matthew 16:13-20) | |
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Qualifications of Bishops and Deacons (I Timothy 3:1-13) | |
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Women in the Early Church (Luke 10:38-42; I Corinthians 11:2-16; Galatians 3:27-28; I Timothy 2:8-15) | |
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Ritual | |
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The Eucharist (Matthew 26:17-29; John 6:22-59) | |
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Baptism (Matthew 28:16-20; Romans 6:1-14) | |
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Confession and Anointing (James 5:13-18) | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| |
| |
Islam | |
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| |
Introduction | |
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Name | |
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Overview of Structure | |
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Origin and Development | |
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Use | |
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History | |
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The Call of Muhammad (96; 53:1-18) | |
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The Mission of Muhammad (11:1-16; 93) | |
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Opposition to Muhammad (52:30-49; 63) | |
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The Night Journey (17:1-2) | |
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The Flight to Medina (9:40) | |
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The Wives of Muhammad (33:28-40, 48-49) | |
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The Death of Muhammad (21:34-37) | |
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Teaching | |
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God's Absolute Oneness (6:100-103; 112) | |
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God's Names (59:22-24) | |
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God's Power (24:41-46; 6:95-99) | |
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God's Predestination (42:8-13; 7:177-182) | |
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Jinn (72:1-15) | |
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Creation (15:16-48; 16:1-17) | |
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Adam, Eve, and the Fall (2:28-37) | |
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The Holy Quran (42:50-53; 46:1-11; 2:81-85) | |
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Abraham and Relations to Judaism (37:82-110) | |
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Mary and Jesus, Relations to Christianity (3:38-50) | |
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Unbelievers, Jews, and Christians (9:1-7; 2:111-121, 132-137) | |
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Resurrection and Judgment (75:1-15; 69:14-35) | |
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Heaven and Hell (76:1-22; 56:1-39; 77:1-39) | |
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Ethics | |
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The Conduct of Believers (17:23-39) | |
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Women (4:19-22, 34-39; 2:220-223, 227-233) | |
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Against Evil Magic (113; 114) | |
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Holy War (48:11-21; 2:190-194, 216-218) | |
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| |
Law Codes (4:1-10) | |
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| |
Worship and Ritual | |
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| |
The Opening of the Quran (1) | |
| |
| |
Confession of Faith (57:1-7; 37:32-39) | |
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Prayer (2:142-149) | |
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Alms (107; 9:53-60) | |
| |
| |
The Fast (2:183-186) | |
| |
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Pilgrimage (2:124-130; 106; 2:196-199) | |
| |
| |
The Mosque (24:36-38; 9:15-18) | |
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| |
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Selections from the Hadith | |
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On Innovations | |
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On Ritual Washings | |
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On Prayer | |
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On Alms | |
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On God | |
| |
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On the Power of Reading the Quran | |
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On Judgment | |
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On Obeying Muhammad and the Ruler | |
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On the Martyr in Holy War | |
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Glossary | |
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Questions for Study and Discussion | |
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Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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Index | |