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| The Atmosphere | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Meteorological Conventions | |
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| [On Doing Science: Descartes and the Scientific Method] | |
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| Thermodynamic State | |
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| Pressure | |
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| [Focus: e-Folding Distance] | |
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| Density | |
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| Temperature | |
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| [Focus: Escape Velocity] | |
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| Equation of State - Ideal Gas Law | |
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| Hydrostatic Equilibrium | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Physical Interpretation of Equations] | |
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| Hypsometric Equation | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Hypsometric Eq.] | |
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| Atmospheric Structure | |
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| Standard Atmosphere | |
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| Layers of the Atmosphere | |
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| Process Terminology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Radiation | |
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| Orbital Factors | |
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| Planetary Orbits | |
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| [Focus: Satellite Orbits] | |
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| Orbit of the Earth | |
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| Seasonal Effects | |
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| Daily Effects | |
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| Sunrise, Sunset and Twilight | |
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| Flux | |
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| Radiation Principles | |
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| Propagation | |
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| Emission | |
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| [On Doing Science: Scientific Laws - The Myth] | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| [On Doing Science: Seek Solutions] | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Incremental Changes] | |
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| Distribution | |
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| Average Daily Insolation | |
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| Absorption, Reflection and Transmission | |
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| Beer's Law | |
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| Surface Radiation Budget | |
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| Solar | |
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| Longwave (IR) | |
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| Net Radiation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Heat | |
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| Sensible and Latent Heats | |
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| Sensible | |
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| Latent | |
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| Lagrangian Heat Budget - Part 1: Unsaturated | |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Lapse Rate | |
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| Adiabatic Lapse Rate | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Adiabatic Lapse Rate] | |
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| Potential Temperature | |
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| Thermodynamic Diagrams - Part 1: Dry Adiabatic Processes | |
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| [Focus: Spreadsheet Thermodynamics] | |
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| Eulerian Heat Budget | |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics - Revisited | |
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| Advection | |
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| Conduction and Surface Fluxes | |
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| Turbulence | |
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| Radiation | |
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| Internal Source - Latent Heat | |
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| Net Heat Budget | |
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| Surface Heat Budget | |
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| Heat Budget | |
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| Bowen Ratio | |
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| Apparent Temperatures | |
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| Wind Chill | |
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| Heat Index | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Boundary Layers | |
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| Static Stability--A Preview | |
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| Explanation | |
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| Rules of Thumb for Stability in the ABL | |
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| Boundary-Layer Formation | |
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| Tropospheric Constraints | |
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| [Focus: Engineering Boundary Layers] | |
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| Synoptic Forcings | |
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| ABL Structure and Evolution | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Cumulative Heating or Cooling | |
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| Nighttime | |
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| Daytime | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Cumulative Heating] | |
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| Temperature-Profile Evolution | |
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| Idealized Evolution | |
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| Seasonal Differences | |
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| Stable-Boundary-Layer Temperature | |
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| Mixed-Layer Temperature, Entrainment | |
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| Wind | |
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| Wind Profile Evolution | |
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| Drag, Stress, Friction Velocity, Roughness Length | |
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| Log Profile in the Neutral Surface Layer | |
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| Log-Linear Profile in the Stable Surface Layer | |
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| Profile in the Convective Radix Layer | |
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| Turbulence | |
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| Mean and Turbulent Parts | |
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| Variance and Standard Deviation | |
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| Isotropy | |
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| Turbulence Kinetic Energy | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Free and Forced Convection | |
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| Turbulent Fluxes and Covariances | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Moisture | |
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| Saturation Vapor Pressure | |
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| Vapor Pressure | |
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| Saturation | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Clausius-Clapeyron Eq.] | |
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| [Focus: Boiling] | |
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| Humidity Variables | |
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| Mixing Ratio | |
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| Specific Humidity | |
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| Absolute Humidity | |
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| Relative Humidity | |
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| Dew Point Temperature | |
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| Saturation Level or Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) | |
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| Wet-Bulb Temperature | |
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| More Relationships Between Moisture Variables | |
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| [Focus: Why so Many Moisture Variables?] | |
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| Total Water Mixing Ratio | |
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| Lagrangian Water Budget | |
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| Water Conservation | |
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| Thermo Diagrams - Part 2: Isohumes | |
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| Eulerian Water Budget | |
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| Horizontal Advection | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| Surface Moisture Flux | |
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| Turbulent Transport | |
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| [On Doing Science: Look for Patterns] | |
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| Lagrangian Heat Budget--Part 2: Saturated | |
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| Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate | |
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| Thermo Diagrams - Part 3: Saturated Adiabats | |
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| [Focus: Spreadsheet Thermodynamics 2] | |
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| Liquid-Water and Equivalent Potential Temps | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Stability | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Thermodynamic Diagrams - Part 4: Applications | |
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| [Full Thermo Diagram: T vs. log P] | |
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| [Full Thermo Diagram: [Theta] vs. z] | |
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| State | |
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| Dry (Unsaturated) Processes | |
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| Moist (Saturated) Processes and Liquid Water | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| Radiative Heating/Cooling | |
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| Parcels vs. Environment | |
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| Buoyancy | |
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| Static Stability | |
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| Unstable | |
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| Neutral | |
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| Stable | |
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| Thermo Diagrams for Boundary Layers | |
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| Mixed-Layer Depth Determination | |
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| [Boundary Layer Thermo Diagram: T vs. log P] | |
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| [Boundary Layer Thermo Diagram: [Theta] vs. z] | |
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| Brunt-Vaisala Frequency | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Brunt-Vaisala Frequency] | |
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| Dynamic Stability | |
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| Richardson Number | |
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| [Focus: LeChatelier's Principle] | |
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| Turbulence Determination | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Cloud Formation | |
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| Cloud Development | |
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| Active - Cumuliform | |
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| Passive - Stratiform | |
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| Stratocumulus | |
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| Cloud Sizes | |
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| Fractal Cloud Shapes | |
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| Fractal Dimension | |
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| Measuring Fractal Dimension | |
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| Processes Causing Saturation | |
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| Cooling and Moisturizing | |
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| Mixing | |
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| Clouds and Upslope Fog | |
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| Other Fogs | |
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| Processes | |
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| Advection Fog | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Advection Fog] | |
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| Radiation Fog | |
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| Dissipation of Well-Mixed (Advection and Radiation) Fogs | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| [On Doing Science: Cargo Cult Science] | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| [Focus: Meteors and Meteorology] | |
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| Nucleation of Liquid Droplets | |
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| Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) | |
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| Curvature and Solute Effects | |
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| Critical Radius | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Critical Radius] | |
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| Haze | |
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| Activated Nuclei | |
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| Nucleation of Ice Crystals | |
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| Processes | |
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| Nuclei | |
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| Droplet Growth by Diffusion | |
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| Max Droplet Radius via Diffusion | |
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| Growth Rate | |
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| Ice Growth by Diffusion | |
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| Ice Crystal Habits | |
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| Growth Rates | |
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| The Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen (WBF) Process | |
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| Collision and Collection | |
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| Terminal Velocity of Droplets | |
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| Cloud Droplets | |
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| Rain Drops | |
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| Processes | |
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| Droplet Size Distributions | |
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| Precipitable Water | |
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| Rainfall Rate Estimated by Radar | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| [On Doing Science: Consequences] | |
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| Dynamics | |
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| Newton's Second Law of Motion | |
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| Lagrangian Momentum Budget | |
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| [On Doing Science: Be Creative] | |
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| [Focus: In Newton's Own Words] | |
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| Eulerian Momentum Budget | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Forces | |
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| Advection | |
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| Pressure Gradient Force | |
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| Centrifugal Force | |
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| Coriolis Force | |
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| [Focus: Coriolis Force] | |
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| Turbulent Drag Force | |
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| Full Equations of Motion | |
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| Height Contours on Isobaric Surfaces | |
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| Winds | |
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| Geostrophic Wind | |
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| Gradient Wind | |
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| Boundary-Layer Wind | |
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| Boundary-Layer Gradient (BLG) Wind | |
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| Cyclostrophic Wind | |
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| Full Equations of Motion - Revisited | |
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| Mass Conservation | |
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| Continuity Equation | |
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| Incompressible Continuity Equation | |
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| Boundary-Layer Pumping | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Local Winds | |
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| Scales of Motion | |
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| Wind-Speed Probability | |
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| Wind Turbines and Power Generation | |
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| Vertical Equation of Motion | |
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| Thermally Driven Circulations | |
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| Thermals | |
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| Anabatic Wind | |
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| Katabatic Wind | |
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| Streamlines, Streaklines, and Trajectories | |
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| Bernoulli's Equation | |
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| Dynamic vs. Static Pressure | |
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| Venturi Effect and Gap Winds | |
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| Downslope Winds - Bora and Foehn | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Hydraulic Jump | |
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| [On Doing Science: Simple is Best] | |
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| Mountain Waves | |
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| Natural Wavelength | |
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| Lenticular Clouds | |
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| Froude Number | |
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| Mountain-Wave Drag | |
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| Foehns (again) and Chinooks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Global Circulation | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Differential Heating | |
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| Meridional Temperature Gradient | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Temperature Gradient] | |
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| Radiative Forcings | |
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| [On Doing Science: Toy Models] | |
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| Heat Transport Needed | |
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| Thermal Wind Relationship | |
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| Thickness | |
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| Thermal Wind | |
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| Jet Stream | |
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| Baroclinicity | |
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| Angular Momentum | |
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| Vorticity | |
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| Relative Vorticity | |
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| [Focus: Solid-Body Relative Vorticity] | |
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| Absolute Vorticity | |
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| Potential Vorticity | |
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| Isentropic Potential Vorticity | |
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| Midlatitude Troughs and Ridges | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Vorticity of a Wave] | |
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| Barotropic Instability and Rossby Waves | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: The Beta Plane] | |
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| Baroclinic Instability and Planetary Waves | |
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| Qualitative Model | |
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| Quantitative Approach | |
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| [Focus: Rossby Radius of Deformation and Geostrophic Adjustment - Part 1] | |
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| Heat Transport | |
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| Momentum Transport | |
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| Three-Band General Circulation | |
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| Ekman Spiral in the Ocean | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Air Masses and Fronts | |
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| Anticyclones or Highs | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Vertical Structure | |
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| Air Masses | |
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| Creation | |
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| Warm Air Masses | |
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| Cold Air Masses | |
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| Modification | |
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| [Science Graffito] | |
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| Synoptic Weather Maps | |
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| Weather Observations | |
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| Map Analysis, Plotting and Isoplething | |
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| Surface Fronts | |
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| [Focus: The Bergen School of Meteorology] | |
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| Horizontal Structure | |
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| Warm Fronts | |
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| Cold Fronts | |
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| Vertical Structure | |
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| Geostrophic Adjustment - Part 2 | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: Geostrophic Adjustment] | |
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| Frontogenesis | |
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| Kinematics | |
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| Confluence | |
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| Shear | |
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| Tilting | |
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| Thermodynamics | |
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| Dynamics | |
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| Occluded Fronts and Mid-Tropospheric Fronts | |
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| Upper-Tropospheric Fronts | |
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| Dry Lines | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
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| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
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| Synthesis Questions | |
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| Cyclones | |
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| Case Study of a Cyclone over North America | |
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| Overview and Storm Track | |
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| Storm Data | |
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| Cyclogenesis | |
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| Lee Cyclogenesis | |
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| Stationary Planetary Waves | |
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| Conservation of Potential Vorticity | |
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| Equatorward Propagation Along the Lee Side | |
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| [Focus: Maximum Advection on WX Maps] | |
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| Cyclone Spin-Up | |
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| Vorticity Tendency | |
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| Quasi-Geostrophic Approximation | |
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| Application to Idealized Weather Patterns | |
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| Upward Motion | |
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| Continuity Effects | |
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| Jet-Stream Curvature | |
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| Jet Streaks | |
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| Omega Equation | |
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| Sea-level Pressure Tendency | |
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| Mass Budget | |
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| Diabatic Heating | |
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| Net Pressure Tendency | |
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| Self Development of Cyclones | |
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| Condensation | |
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| Temperature Advection | |
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| [Science Graffito and On Doing Science] | |
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| Iso-surfaces and Their Utility | |
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| Height | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Thickness | |
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| Potential Temperature | |
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| Potential Vorticity (PVU) | |
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| Case Study of a Cyclone (continued) | |
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| Surface Charts | |
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| Isobaric Charts at 85, 70, 50, and 25 kPa | |
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| Vertical Cross Section | |
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| 100 - 50 kPa Thickness Chart | |
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| Summary | |
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| Threads | |
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| [Beyond Algebra: The Omega Equation] | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Numerical Problems | |
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| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Weather Prediction | |
| |
| |
| Solutions to Atmospheric Equations | |
| |
| |
| Approximate Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Parameterizations and Models | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: History of NWP] | |
| |
| |
| [On Doing Science: Mathematics] | |
| |
| |
| Grid Points | |
| |
| |
| Finite-Difference Equations | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Stability | |
| |
| |
| The Numerical-Forecast Process | |
| |
| |
| Balanced Mass and Flow Fields | |
| |
| |
| Data Assimilation and Analysis | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: The Pacific Data Void] | |
| |
| |
| Forecasts | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: Electricity and Operational Reliability] | |
| |
| |
| Case Study: 22 - 25 Feb 1994 - N. America | |
| |
| |
| Post-processing | |
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| |
| Forecast Refinement | |
| |
| |
| Forecast Quality | |
| |
| |
| Accuracy vs. Skill | |
| |
| |
| Verification Scores | |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos | |
| |
| |
| Predictability | |
| |
| |
| Lorenz Strange Attractor | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Ensemble Forecasts | |
| |
| |
| [On Doing Science: Scientific Revolutions] | |
| |
| |
| Useful Indicators on Weather Maps Produced By NWP | |
| |
| |
| Elements of a Good Weather Briefing | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffiti] | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thunderstorms | |
| |
| |
| Convective Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Conditional Instability | |
| |
| |
| Trigger Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| CAPE | |
| |
| |
| Severe-Thunderstorm Environment | |
| |
| |
| Downbursts and Gust Fronts | |
| |
| |
| Precipitation Drag | |
| |
| |
| Evaporative Cooling | |
| |
| |
| Gust Fronts | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: Downbursts and Flight Operations] | |
| |
| |
| Lightning and Thunder | |
| |
| |
| Lightning | |
| |
| |
| Thunder | |
| |
| |
| Tornadoes | |
| |
| |
| Origin of Rotation | |
| |
| |
| Mesocyclones and Helicity | |
| |
| |
| Tornadoes and Swirl Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Core Pressure Deficit | |
| |
| |
| Tornado Intensity Scales | |
| |
| |
| Doppler Radar | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hurricanes | |
| |
| |
| Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| Initial Spin Up | |
| |
| |
| Subsequent Development | |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| Warm Core | |
| |
| |
| [Beyond Algebra: Pressure Reversal] | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: Warm vs. Cold Core Cyclones] | |
| |
| |
| [Beyond Algebra: Warm Core Winds] | |
| |
| |
| Carnot Cycle | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: The Power of Hurricanes] | |
| |
| |
| A Hurricane Model | |
| |
| |
| Pressure Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Tangential Velocity | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale] | |
| |
| |
| Radial Velocity | |
| |
| |
| Vertical Velocity | |
| |
| |
| Temperature | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Composite Picture | |
| |
| |
| Storm Surge | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Pressure Head | |
| |
| |
| Ekman Transport | |
| |
| |
| Kelvin Wave | |
| |
| |
| Surface Wind-Waves | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: Beaufort Wind Scale] | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Air Pollution Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion Factors | |
| |
| |
| Air Quality Standards | |
| |
| |
| Turbulence Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Review of Basic Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Isotropy (again) | |
| |
| |
| Pasquill-Gifford (PG) Turbulence Types | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Snapshot vs. Average | |
| |
| |
| Center of Mass | |
| |
| |
| Standard Deviation--Sigma | |
| |
| |
| Gaussian Curve | |
| |
| |
| Nominal Plume Edge | |
| |
| |
| Taylor's Statistical Theory | |
| |
| |
| Passive Conservative Tracers | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion Equation | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion Near and Far from the Source | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion in Neutral and Stable Boundary Layers | |
| |
| |
| Plume Rise | |
| |
| |
| Neutral Boundary Layers | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Stable Boundary Layers | |
| |
| |
| Gaussian Concentration Distribution | |
| |
| |
| [Beyond Algebra: Diffusion Equation] | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion in Unstable Boundary Layers | |
| |
| |
| Relevant Variables | |
| |
| |
| Physical Variables | |
| |
| |
| Mixed Layer Scaling Variables | |
| |
| |
| Dimensionless Scales | |
| |
| |
| Plume Centerline | |
| |
| |
| Crosswind Integrated Concentration | |
| |
| |
| Concentration | |
| |
| |
| [On Doing Science: The Citizen Scientist] | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Climate Change | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Radiative Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| Greenhouse Effect | |
| |
| |
| Atmospheric Window | |
| |
| |
| Water Vapor and Cloud Feedbacks | |
| |
| |
| Cloudless Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Cloudy Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Ice-Albedo-Temperature Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Daisyworld | |
| |
| |
| Physics | |
| |
| |
| Equilibrium and Homeostasis | |
| |
| |
| GCMs | |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity | |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| Magnitudes | |
| |
| |
| Usage | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| [On Doing Science: Ethics and Data Abuse] | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optics | |
| |
| |
| Ray Geometry | |
| |
| |
| Reflection | |
| |
| |
| Refraction | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: Newton and Colors] | |
| |
| |
| Huygens' Principle | |
| |
| |
| Critical Angle | |
| |
| |
| Liquid Drop Optics | |
| |
| |
| Reflection from Water | |
| |
| |
| Primary Rainbow | |
| |
| |
| Secondary Rainbow | |
| |
| |
| Alexander's Dark Band | |
| |
| |
| [Focus: Rainbows and the Renaissance] | |
| |
| |
| Ice-Crystal Optics | |
| |
| |
| Sun Pillar | |
| |
| |
| Parhelic Circle | |
| |
| |
| Subsun | |
| |
| |
| 22[degree] Halo | |
| |
| |
| 46[degree] Halo | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Circumzenith Arc | |
| |
| |
| Sun Dogs | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Subsun Dogs | |
| |
| |
| Upper Tangent Arcs | |
| |
| |
| Scattering | |
| |
| |
| Rayleigh Scattering | |
| |
| |
| [On Doing Science: Great Scientists Make Big Mistakes] | |
| |
| |
| Polarization | |
| |
| |
| Geometric Scattering | |
| |
| |
| Mie Scattering | |
| |
| |
| Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| Mirages | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Science | |
| |
| |
| Dimensions and Units | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Unit Conversion | |
| |
| |
| Functions and Finite Difference | |
| |
| |
| [Beyond Algebra: Calculus] | |
| |
| |
| Relationships and Graphs | |
| |
| |
| Linear | |
| |
| |
| Logarithmic | |
| |
| |
| Power | |
| |
| |
| On Doing Science | |
| |
| |
| [On Doing Science: Have Passion] | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constants and Conversion Factors | |
| |
| |
| Universal Constants | |
| |
| |
| Earth Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Air and Water Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Conversion Factors and Combined Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Other Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notation | |
| |
| |
| Roman Symbols, Acronyms and Contractions | |
| |
| |
| Greek Symbols | |
| |
| |
| Operators | |
| |
| |
| Superscripts | |
| |
| |
| Subscripts | |
| |
| |
| Special Symbols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Additional Reading Material | |
| |
| |
| The Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| Radiation, Thermodynamics and Moisture | |
| |
| |
| Cloud and Satellite Pictures | |
| |
| |
| Cloud and Storm Processes | |
| |
| |
| Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans | |
| |
| |
| Boundary-Layers and Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| Synoptics | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Weather Prediction and Chaos | |
| |
| |
| Hurricanes | |
| |
| |
| Climate Change | |
| |
| |
| Optics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syllabus | |
| |
| |
| The Student Mix | |
| |
| |
| Tests and Grading | |
| |
| |
| Textbooks and Homework | |
| |
| |
| Lectures and Weekly Schedule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter Correspondences | |
| |
| |
| Ahrens' Essentials | |
| |
| |
| Ahrens' Meteorology Today | |
| |
| |
| Holton's Dynamic Meteorology | |
| |
| |
| Wallace and Hobbs' Atmospheric Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| Turbulence Closure | |
| |
| |
| Turbulence Closure Types | |
| |
| |
| [On Doing Science: Parameterization Rules] | |
| |
| |
| K-Theory | |
| |
| |
| Transilient Turbulence Theory | |
| |
| |
| Nonlocal Closure | |
| |
| |
| Concept | |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Framework | |
| |
| |
| [Beyond Algebra: Matrices] | |
| |
| |
| Nonlocal Flux | |
| |
| |
| [Science Graffito] | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Problems | |
| |
| |
| Understanding and Critical Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Web-Enhanced Questions | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis Questions | |
| |
| |
| Index | |