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| Introduction to the history of Islamic societies | |
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| The Beginnings of Islamic Civilizations, The Middle East from c.600 to c.1000 | |
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| Middle Eastern societies before Islam | |
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| Historians and the sources | |
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| Arabia | |
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| Muhammad: preaching, community, and state formation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Arab-Muslim conquests and the socio-economic bases of empire | |
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| Regional developments: economic and social changes | |
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| The caliphate to 750 | |
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| The 'Abbasid empire | |
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| Decline and fall of the 'Abbasid empire | |
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| Introduction: religion and identity | |
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| The ideology of imperial Islam | |
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| The 'Abbasids: caliphs and emperors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sunni Islam | |
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| Shi'i Islam | |
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| Muslim urban societies to the tenth century | |
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| The non-Muslim minorities | |
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| Continuity and change in the historic cultures of the Middle East | |
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| From Islamic Community to Islamic Society: Egypt, Iraq and Iran, 945���c.1500 | |
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| The post-'Abbasid Middle Eastern state system | |
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| Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies: 1000���1500 CE | |
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| The collective ideal | |
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| The personal ethic | |
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| Conclusion: Middle Eastern Islamic patterns | |
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| The Global Expansion of Islam from the Seventh to the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Introduction: Islamic institutions | |
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| Islamic north Africa to the thirteenth century | |
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| Spanish-Islamic civilization | |
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| Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries | |
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| States and Islam: North African variations | |
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| Introduction: empires and societies | |
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| The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman empire | |
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| The post-classical Ottoman empire: decentralization, commercialization, incorporation | |
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| The Arab regions of the Middle East | |
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| The Safavid empire | |
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| The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi sultanates and the Mughal empire | |
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| Islamic empires compared | |
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| Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century | |
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| Islamic societies in Southeast Asia | |
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| The African context: Islam, slavery, and colonialism | |
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| Islam in Sudanic, Savannah, and forest west Africa | |
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| The West African jihads | |
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| Islam in East Africa and the European colonial empires | |
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| Conclusion: the varieties of Islamic societies | |
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| The global context | |