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| Introduction to Islamic societies | |
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| The Beginnings of Islamic Civilizations | |
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| Middle Eastern societies before Islam | |
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| Historians and the sources | |
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| Arabia | |
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| Muhammad: preaching, community, and state formation | |
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| Introduction to the Arab-Muslim empires | |
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| The Arab-Muslim conquests and the socioeconomic bases of empire | |
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| Regional developments: economic and social change | |
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| The Caliphate to 750 | |
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| The 'Abbasid Empire | |
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| Decline and fall of the 'Abbasid Empire | |
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| Introduction: religion and identity | |
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| The ideology of imperial Islam | |
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| The 'Abbasids: Caliphs and emperors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sunni Islam | |
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| Shi'i Islam | |
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| Muslim urban societies to the tenth century | |
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| The non-Muslim minorities | |
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| Continuity and change in the historic cultures of the Middle East | |
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| From Islamic Community to Islamic Society | |
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| The Post- 'Abbasid Middle Eastern state system | |
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| Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies: 1000-1500 CE | |
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| The collective ideal | |
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| The personal ethic | |
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| Conclusion: Middle Eastern Islamic patterns | |
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| The Global Expansion of Islam from the Seventh to the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Introduction: Islamic institutions | |
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| Islamic North Africa to the thirteenth century | |
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| Spanish-Islamic civilization | |
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| Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries | |
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| States and Islam: North African variations | |
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| Introduction: empires and societies | |
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| The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman Empire | |
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| The postclassical Ottoman Empire: decentralization, commercialization, and incorporation | |
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| The Arab provinces under Ottoman rule | |
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| The Safavid Empire | |
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| The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi Sultanates and the Mughal Empire | |
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| Islamic empires compared | |
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| Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century | |
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| Islamic societies in Southeast Asia | |
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| The African context: Islam, slavery, and colonialism | |
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| Islam in Sudanic, Savannah, and forest West Africa | |
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| The West African Jihads | |
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| Islam in East Africa and the European colonial empires | |
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| The varieties of Islamic societies | |
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| The global context | |
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| The Modern Transformation | |
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| Introduction: imperialism, modernity, and the transformation of Muslim societies | |
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| The dissolution of the Ottoman empire and the modernization of Turkey | |
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| Iran: state and religion in the modern era | |
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| Egypt: secularism and Islamic modernity | |
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| The Arab east: Arabism, military states, and Islam | |
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| The Arabian peninsula | |
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| North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries | |
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| Women in the Middle East: 19th-21st centuries | |
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| Muslims in Russia, the Caucasus, Inner Asia, and China | |
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| The Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh | |
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| Islam in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines | |
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| Islam in West Africa | |
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| Islam in East Africa | |
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| Universal Islam and African diversity | |
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| Muslims in Europe and America | |
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| Conclusion: secularized Islam and Islamic revival | |