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| Illustrations | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction: What Is an (Ancient) Empire? | |
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| Definition of Empire | |
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| Empire, Response, and Resistance | |
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| Empires, Ancient and Modern | |
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| Questions, Questions, Questions | |
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| Prelude to the Age of Ancient Empires | |
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| The Dawn of Empire | |
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| Between Amarna and Qadesh: Realpolitik Bronze Age Style | |
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| Collapse of the International System | |
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| The Rise of the Age of Ancient Empires | |
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| The Levels of Historical Time and the Rise of the Age of Ancient Empires | |
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| Climate Change and the Birth of a New Age | |
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| The Neo-Assyrian Revival | |
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| The Logic of Assyrian Domination | |
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| The Demise of Assyrian Domination | |
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| Dealing with Empires: Varieties of Responses | |
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| Secondary State Formation: Urartu | |
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| Coalition and Collapse: Syria and Its Neighbors | |
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| Revival of East-West Trade: The Phoenicians/Canaanites | |
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| Conflict and Covenant: Israel and Judah | |
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| Beyond the Near East: The Neo-Babylonian and Early Achaemenid Persian Empires | |
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| The Rise (and Fall) of the Neo-Babylonian Empire | |
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| Looking Back and Looking Ahead: Neo-Babylonian Rulership in Action | |
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| Interlude: The People of the Book | |
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| The Enigmatic Nabonidus and the Persian Takeover | |
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| The Rise of a Multiculturalist Empire: The Achaemenid Persians | |
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| The Pragmatics of a Multicultural Empire | |
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| Responding to Empire | |
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| The Crucible of History: East Meets West | |
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| The Greek Expansion and the Birth of the Polis | |
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| The Ionian Intellectual Revolution and the Limits of Persian Tolerance | |
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| The Crucible of History | |
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| The Greco-Persian War | |
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| Postlude: East, West, and Orientalism | |
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| Democracy and Empire between Athens and Alexander | |
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| A Golden Age (at Athens) | |
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| Can a Democracy Run an Empire? The Peloponnesian War | |
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| The Empire Strikes Back: Alexander the Great | |
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| �Spear-Won� Empires: The Hellenistic Synthesis | |
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| Alexander's �Funeral Games� | |
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| The Hellenistic IEMP Synthesis | |
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| Empire and the City | |
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| The Individual in the Hellenistic World | |
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| Resistance and Revolt: Mauryans and Maccabees | |
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| The Western Mediterranean and the Rise of Rome | |
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| The Western Mediterranean Setting | |
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| Roman Beginnings: Inside and Outside | |
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| The Roots of Roman Imperialism | |
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| Imperium Sine Fine: Roman Imperialism and the End of the Old Order | |
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| Rome versus Carthage | |
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| Symplok� Rome and the Hellenistic East | |
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| The Late Republic and the End of the Old Order | |
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| The New Political Order: The Foundations of the Principate | |
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| Mr. IEMP: Octavian/Augustus | |
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| Pax Romana | |
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| Into the Arena: A Microcosm of Imperial Society in the Principate | |
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| �Barbarians� through Roman Eyes: The Romans Encounter �the Other� | |
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| Ruling and Resisting the Roman Empire | |
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| Power and the Provinces | |
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| The Imperial Cult and Roman Rule | |
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| Resisting Roman Rule | |
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| Imperial Crisis and Recovery | |
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| The �Third-Century Crisis� | |
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| The Rise of Christianity | |
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| The Dominate: Cosmos Restored | |
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| Universal Empires and Their Peripheries in Late Antiquity | |
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| Roman Political and Religious Universalism | |
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| Renovatio: Byzantium, the New Rome | |
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| The Rise of the Sasanid Persian Empire | |
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| Politics, Resistance, and Heterodoxies at the Peripheries of the Empires | |
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| The Formation of the Islamic World Empire | |
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| The Clash of Empires and the End of the (Ancient) World | |
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| The Arabs and the Rise of Islam | |
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| The Umayyads: The First Islamic (and the Last Ancient) Empire | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Index | |