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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: Letters illustrating clinical aspects of cancer | |
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| Colon cancer | |
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| Breast cancer | |
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| Acute leukemia | |
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| Lung cancer | |
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| Kidney cancer | |
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| Squamous cell cancer | |
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| Testicular cancer | |
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| Stomach cancer | |
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| Melanoma | |
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| Neuroblastoma | |
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| Summary | |
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| The pathology of cancer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Benign versus malignant tumors | |
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| The diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors | |
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| Tumor grading and staging | |
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| Classification and nomenclature | |
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| Metastasis | |
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| Tumor markers | |
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| How cancer kills | |
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| Organ failure | |
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| Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, ducts, and hollow organs | |
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| Cachexia and infection | |
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| Spontaneous regression | |
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| Dormancy | |
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| Initiation | |
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| Latency | |
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| Progression to the autonomous state | |
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| Selection and cellular heterogeneity | |
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| A developmental concept of cancer | |
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| Apoptosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Invasion and metastasis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The metastatic cascade | |
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| Disruption of the basement membrane and lytic activity in the extracellular matrix | |
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| Cell detachment | |
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| Cell migration and motility | |
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| Invasion | |
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| Penetration of the vascular system | |
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| Cancer cells in the circulation | |
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| Arrest of circulating cancer cells (stasis) | |
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| Extravasation, growth of metastases, and metastasis of metastases | |
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| A multiplicity of genes are associated with metastasis | |
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| Soil and seed hypothesis of Paget | |
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| Box: Stephen Paget: No "ploughman" was he! | |
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| Is metastasis limited to malignant cells? | |
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| How do we know a metastasis to the liver is not a primary neoplasm of the liver | |
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| Why study metastasis? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Carcinogenesis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is a carcinogen? | |
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| Carcinogenesis as a multistage process | |
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| Chemical carcinogenesis | |
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| Organic compounds | |
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| Inorganic compounds and asbestos | |
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| Naturally occurring chemicals | |
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| Radiation | |
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| Ultraviolet radiation | |
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| Ionizing radiation | |
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| Endogenous ionizing radiation | |
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| Radon | |
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| Viral carcinogenesis | |
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| Endogenous carcinogenesis | |
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| Metabolism of xenobiotics | |
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| Host defenses | |
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| Inducibility of xenobiotic metabolism | |
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| Metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens | |
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| Inactivation of chemical carcinogens | |
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| Systemic distribution of chemical carcinogens | |
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| Mechanisms for carcinogen suppression/chemoprevention | |
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| Box: Elizabeth Cavert Miller with husband James | |
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| Modulation of carcinogenesis | |
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| Tumor promotion | |
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| Tumor progression | |
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| Alternative pathways for carcinogenesis? | |
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| Federal regulations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Genetics and heredity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chromosomes and cancer | |
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| Aneuploidy | |
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| Euploidy does not preclude genetic change | |
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| Cancers with chromosomal aberrations | |
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| Chromosome damage, mutation, and vulnerability to cancer | |
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| Hereditary cancers | |
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| Retinoblastoma | |
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| Wilms tumor | |
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| Hereditary conditions that increase cancer risk | |
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| Familial cancer syndromes | |
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| Colon cancer | |
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| Breast cancer | |
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| Prostate cancer | |
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| Microarray technology as a way of examining many genes simultaneously | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cancer-associated genes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is an oncogene? | |
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| Proto-oncogenes function in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, differentiation, or programmed cell death (apoptosis) | |
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| Genetic approaches to delineate proto-oncogene function | |
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| DNA microarray analysis - global gene expression or genomic profiling | |
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| Classification of proto-oncogenes/ oncogenes | |
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| Growth factors and their receptors | |
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| Nonreceptor tyrosine kinases | |
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| GTP-binding proteins: ras activation | |
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| Cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases | |
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| Suppression of ras signaling | |
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| Nuclear signaling | |
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| Transcriptional activation | |
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| Regulation of DNA synthesis and the cell cycle | |
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| Other mechanisms for the regulation of signaling | |
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| Mechanisms of oncogene activation | |
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| Carcinogens and oncogene activation | |
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| Oncogene cooperation | |
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| Normal cells suppress tumor growth | |
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| Angiogenesis and tumor development | |
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| Tumor Suppressor genes | |
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| The Rb locus | |
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| p53 suppressor gene | |
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| Other tumor suppressors | |
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| Apoptosis and its role in growth regulation | |
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| Senescence | |
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| Where pathology meets molecular biology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cancer in nonhuman organisms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Plant growths | |
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| Invertebrate animals | |
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| Box: Yoshio Masui | |
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| Cancer in selected ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates | |
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| Fish | |
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| Amphibia | |
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| Reptiles | |
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| Box: John C. Harshbarger | |
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| Cancer in selected warm-blooded vertebrates | |
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| Birds | |
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| Mammals | |
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| Summary - But try anyway! | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cancer in fossil humans: A brief digression concerning paleopathology | |
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| Epidemiology of selected human cancers | |
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| Lung cancer | |
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| Box: Alton Ochsner | |
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| Box: Richard Doll | |
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| Breast cancer | |
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| Skin cancer | |
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| Prostate cancer | |
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| Colorectal cancer | |
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| Cervical cancer: "The Beginning of the End" | |
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| Hodgkin lymphoma | |
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| Occupational cancers | |
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| AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma | |
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| What is next? | |
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| Lifestyle: Is there anything more important? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lung cancer is a preventable disease | |
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| Ultraviolet radiation and that "healthy tan" | |
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| How to minimize risk for skin cancer | |
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| The peculiar status of protection by sunscreens | |
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| Diet, nutrition, and cancer | |
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| Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer | |
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| Box: Denis Burkitt | |
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| Correlations between food substances and cancer prevalence: Significance | |
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| Dietary fat and obesity | |
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| Vitamins and cancer | |
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| Selenium and calcium | |
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| Non-nutrient organic compounds in food that may protect against cancer | |
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| American Cancer Society (2002) Guidelines on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention | |
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| Exercise as it relates to cancer | |
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| A special note about breast cancer | |
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| Other lifestyle hazards | |
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| Summary | |
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| The stem cell basis of cancer treatment: concepts and clinical outcomes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Therapies remaining at the conceptual level | |
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| Therapies being explored clinically: Differentiation therapy and cytostatic therapy | |
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| Box: Leland Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, and Sir Paul Nurse | |
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| Eradicating cancer cells - the aim of current cancer therapy | |
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| Absolute versus fractional cytoreduction | |
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| Box: Howard Skipper | |
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| The meaning of "curing cancer" depends on whom you ask | |
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| The biological basis of multimodality therapy as optimal cancer treatment | |
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| Biological factors that contribute to treatment success | |
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| Box: H. Rodney Withers | |
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| Biological factors that contribute to treatment failure | |
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| Treatment of intermediate-stage breast cancer as a clinical science success story | |
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| Summary | |
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| Oncology: The difficult task of eradicating caricatures of normal tissue renewal in the human patient | |
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| Surgical oncology | |
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| Radiation oncology | |
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| Chemotherapy | |
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| Directly cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs | |
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| Reactive chemicals as cytotoxic anticancer drugs | |
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| Selective cytotoxicity as a screening tool to discover more cytotoxic drugs | |
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| Indirect tumor cytotoxicity by nutrient deprivation ("antimetabolite therapy") | |
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| Box: George H. Hitchings, Jr., and Gertrude B. Elion | |
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| Box: Charles Brenton Huggins | |
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| Trophic factor therapy to treat hematologic side effects of chemotherapy | |
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| Therapy that exploits differentiation processes in malignancies | |
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| Pharmacological issues arising from tumor biology | |
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| Unknowns, the future, and the emergence of molecular oncology | |
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| Description of selected tumors | |
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| Adenocarcinoma of the breast | |
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| Adenocarcinoma of the prostate | |
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| Adenocarcinoma of the colon | |
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| Squamous cell carcinoma | |
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| Teratocarcinomas | |
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| Liver cell carcinoma | |
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| Lung cancer | |
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| Malignant melanoma | |
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| Retinoblastoma | |
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| Neuroblastoma | |
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| Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) | |
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| Sarcomas | |
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| Lymphoma and leukemia | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |