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| List of contributors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Epitaxial Growth of Semiconductors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Epitaxial Growth Techniques | |
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| Molecular-beam Epitaxy | |
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| Vapour-phase Epitaxy | |
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| Molecular-beam Epitaxy with Heteroatomic Precursors | |
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| Epitaxial Growth Modes | |
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| In Situ Observation of Growth Kinetics and Surface Morphology | |
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| Reflection High-energy Electron Diffraction | |
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| Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy | |
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| Atomic Force Microscopy | |
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| Atomistic Processes during Homoepitaxy | |
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| Growth Kinetics on Vicinal GaAs(001) | |
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| Anisotropic Growth and Surface Reconstructions | |
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| Vicinal GaAs(001) | |
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| Vicinal Si(001) | |
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| Models of Homoepitaxial Kinetics | |
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| The Theory of Burton, Cabrera and Frank | |
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| Homogeneous Rate Equations | |
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| Multilayer Growth on Singular Surfaces | |
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| Mechanisms of Heteroepitaxial Growth | |
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| Kinetics and Equilibrium with Misfit Strain | |
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| The Frenkel-Kontorova Model | |
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| Direct Growth of Quantum Heterostructures | |
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| Quantum Wells and Quantum-well Superlattices | |
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| Quantum Wire Superlattices | |
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| Self-organized Quantum Dots | |
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| Stranski-Krastanov Growth of InAs on GaAs(001) | |
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| Controlled Positioning of Quantum Dots | |
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| Ge 'Hut' Clusters on Si(001) | |
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| Growth on Patterned Substrates | |
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| Selective Area Growth | |
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| Quantum Wires on 'V-Grooved' Surfaces | |
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| Stranski--Krastanov Growth on Patterned Substrates | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Electrons in Quantum Semiconductor Structures: An Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ideal Low-dimensional Systems | |
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| Free Electrons in Three Dimensions: A Review | |
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| Ideal Two-dimensional Electron Gas | |
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| Ideal Zero- and One-dimensional Electron Gases | |
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| Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots | |
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| Real Electron Gases: Single Particle Models | |
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| Ideal Square Well | |
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| Some Generalizations | |
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| Holes in Quantum Wells | |
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| Non-parabolicity | |
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| Finite Quantum Wells and Real Systems | |
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| Interface Effects | |
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| Effective Mass for Parallel Transport | |
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| Effective-mass Correction to Conduction-band Discontinuities | |
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| Quantum Wires | |
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| Quantum Point Contacts | |
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| Quantum Dots | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Electrons in Quantum Semiconductors Structures: More Advanced Systems and Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Many-body Effects | |
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| The Hartree Approximation | |
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| Beyond the Hartree Approximation | |
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| The 2DEG at a Heterojunction Interface | |
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| The Ideal Heterojunction | |
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| Some Calculational Methods | |
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| The WKB Approximation | |
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| The 2DEG in Doping Wells | |
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| The Delta Well (Spike Doping) | |
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| The Thomas--Fermi Approximation for Two-dimensional Systems | |
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| The Thomas--Fermi Approximation for Heterojunctions and Delta Wells | |
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| Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots | |
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| Quantum Point Contacts and Quantized Conductance Steps | |
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| A Closer Look at Quantum Dots | |
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| The Coulomb Blockade and Single-electron Transistors | |
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| Superlattices | |
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| Superlattices and Multi-quantum-wells | |
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| Miniband Properties: The WKB Approximation | |
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| Doping Superlattices | |
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| Delta-Doped n-i-p-is | |
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| Compositional and Doping Superlattices | |
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| Other Types of Superlattices | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Phonons in Low-dimensional Semiconductor Structures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phonons in Heterostructures | |
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| Superlattices | |
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| Mesoscopic Phonon Phenomena | |
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| Electron--Phonon Interactions in Heterostructures | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Localization and Quantum Transport | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Localization | |
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| Percolation | |
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| The Anderson Transition and the Mobility Edge | |
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| Variable Range Hopping | |
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| Minimum Metallic Conductivity | |
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| Scaling Theory and Quantum Interference | |
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| The Gang of Four | |
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| Experiments on Weak Localization | |
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| Quantum Interference | |
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| Negative Magnetoresistance | |
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| Single Rings and Non-local Transport | |
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| Spin--orbit Coupling, Magnetic Impurities, etc. | |
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| Universal Conductance Fluctuations | |
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| Ballistic Transport | |
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| Interaction Effects | |
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| The In T Correction | |
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| Wigner Crystallization | |
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| The Quantum Hall Effect | |
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| General | |
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| The Quantum Hall Effect Measurements | |
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| The Semiclassical Theory | |
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| The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Electronic States and Optical Properties of Quantum Wells | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Envelope Function Scheme | |
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| The Parabolic Band Model | |
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| Effects of Band Mixing | |
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| Light Particle Band Non-parabolicity | |
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| Valence Band Non-parabolicity | |
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| Multiple Well Effects | |
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| Effects of the Coulomb Interaction | |
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| Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors | |
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| Excitons in Quantum Wells | |
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| Effects of Applied Bias | |
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| Optical Absorption in a Quantum Well | |
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| Optical Characterization | |
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| Measurement of Absorption | |
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| Features of Optical Spectra | |
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| Band Non-parabolicity | |
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| Valence Band Mixing | |
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| Interwell Coupling | |
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| Electric Field | |
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| Quantum-well Solar Cells | |
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| Photoconversion | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| Photocurrent | |
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| Recombination Current | |
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| Carrier Escape | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Non-Linear Optics in Low-dimensional Semiconductors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Non-dissipative NLO Processes | |
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| Dissipative NLO Effects | |
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| Potential Applications of NLO | |
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| Serial Channel Applications | |
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| Multi-channel Applications: Optical Computing | |
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| Excitonic Optical Saturation in MQWs | |
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| Excitonic Absorption at Low Intensities | |
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| Saturation of Excitonic Peaks at High Intensities | |
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| The Quantum Confined Stark Effect | |
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| Doping Superlattices ('n-i-p-i' Crystals) | |
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| Hetero--n-i-p-i Structures | |
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| Band Filling Effects in Hetero--n-i-p-is | |
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| The QCSE in Hetero--n-i-p-is | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Semiconductor Lasers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Laser Theory | |
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| Laser Threshold | |
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| Threshold Current Density | |
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| Power Output | |
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| Fundamental Gain Calculations | |
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| Electronic Band Structure and Densities of States | |
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| Carrier Density and Inversion | |
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| Gain Expression | |
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| Optical Gain in 2D and 3D Active Regions | |
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| Strained Layers | |
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| Optical Interband Matrix Element | |
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| Some other Laser Geometries | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Mesoscopic Devices | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Quantum Interference Transistors | |
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| Quantum Interference and Negative Magnetoresistance | |
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| The Aharanov--Bohm Effect | |
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| Universal Conductance Fluctuations | |
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| Quantum Interference Transistors | |
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| The Gated Ring Interferometer | |
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| The Stub Tuner | |
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| Problems with Quantum Interference Transistors | |
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| Ballistic Electron Devices | |
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| Electron Transmission and the Landauer--Buttiker Formula | |
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| Quantized Conductance in Ballistic Point Contacts | |
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| Multi-terminal Devices | |
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| The Negative Bend Resistance | |
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| Quenching of the Hall Effect | |
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| Possible Applications of Ballistic Electron Devices | |
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| Boundary Scattering in Ballistic Structures | |
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| Quantum Dot Resonant Tunnelling Devices | |
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| Resonant Tunnelling through Quantum Wells | |
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| Resonant Tunnelling through Quantum Dots | |
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| Gated Resonant Tunnelling through Quantum Dots | |
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| Coulomb Blockade and Single-electron Transistors | |
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| Coulomb Blockade in the Current-biassed Single Junction | |
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| Coulomb Blockade in Double Junctions | |
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| Necessary Conditions for Efficient Coulomb Blockade | |
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| Single-electron Transistors | |
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| Co-tunnelling and Multiple Tunnel Junctions | |
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| Possible Applications of Single-electron Transistors | |
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| The Future of Mesoscopic Devices | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| High-speed Heterostructure Devices | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Field-effect Transistors | |
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| The Si MOSFET | |
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| GaAs/AlGaAs High-electron-mobility Transistor | |
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| InGaAs HEMTs | |
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| Delta-doped FETs | |
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| Vertical Transport Devices | |
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| Unipolar Diodes | |
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| Hot-electron Devices | |
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| Resonant Tunnelling Structures | |
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| Superlattice Devices | |
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| Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Solutions to Selected Exercises | |
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| Index | |