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List of maps | |
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Preface | |
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Transcription key | |
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Abbreviations used in glosses | |
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Introduction | |
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The Nature of the Languages | |
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Sounds and sound patterns | |
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Inventories | |
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Transcription conventions | |
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Syllable structure | |
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Tone | |
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Harmony | |
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Sound symbolism | |
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Native writing systems | |
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Words | |
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Polysynthesis | |
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Parts of words: roots, affixes, and clitics | |
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Morpheme order | |
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General compounding | |
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Noun incorporation | |
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The functions of roots and affixes | |
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Lexical categories: nouns and verbs | |
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Grammatical categories | |
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Person | |
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Inclusive and exclusive | |
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Long-distance coreference and empathy | |
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Obviation | |
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Number | |
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Inflectional number on nouns | |
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Inverse number | |
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Derivational and lexical number on nouns | |
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Verbal number | |
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Distributives | |
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Collectives | |
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Associatives | |
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Gender | |
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Shape, consistency, and related features | |
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Classificatory numerals | |
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Classificatory verbs | |
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Means and manner: 'instrumental affixes' | |
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Control | |
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The lexicon | |
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Verb morphology | |
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Space: location and direction | |
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Demonstratives | |
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Nominal adpositions, clitics, and affixes | |
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Verbal clitics and affixes | |
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Time | |
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Tense | |
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Aspect | |
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Modality: knowledge and obligation | |
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Sample modal paradigms | |
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Realis and irrealis | |
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Evidentials | |
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Sentences | |
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Predicates and arguments | |
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Word order | |
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Grammatical relations and case | |
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Nominative/accusative patterns | |
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Ergative/absolutive patterns | |
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Agent/patient and active/stative patterns | |
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Direct/inverse patterns | |
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A tripartite pattern | |
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Pattern combinations | |
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Nominative/accusative and ergative/absolutive | |
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Nominative/accusative and agent/patient | |
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Nominative/accusative and direct/inverse | |
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Ergative/absolutive and agent/patient | |
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Obliques and applicatives | |
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Possession | |
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Clause combining | |
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The expression of clause linkage | |
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Switch-reference | |
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Special language | |
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Baby talk, 'abnormal speech', and animal talk | |
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'Men's' and 'women's' language | |
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Narrative and ceremonial language | |
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Speech play | |
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Plains Sign Talk | |
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Catalogue of Languages | |
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Relations among the languages | |
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Dialect, language, and family | |
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Genetic relationship | |
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Stocks: hypotheses of more remote relationships | |
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Language contact | |
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Borrowing | |
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Linguistic areas | |
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Contact language | |
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Catalogue | |
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Language families and isolates | |
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Pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages | |
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References with note on sources | |
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Index | |