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An Introduction | |
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Preface | |
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Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols | |
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Aspects of accent | |
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Linguistic and social variability | |
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Introduction | |
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Dialect and accent | |
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Traditional-dialect | |
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Geographical variation | |
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Socio-economic class | |
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Sex, ethnicity | |
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Age: the time dimension | |
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Styles and roles | |
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Perceiving a stereotype | |
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Projecting an image | |
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Standards | |
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What are the facts? | |
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Accent phonology | |
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Why phonology? | |
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The taxonomic-phonemic model | |
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Phonetic similarity | |
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Non-contrastive distribution | |
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Affricates and diphthongs | |
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The phonological word | |
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Multiple complementation and neutralization | |
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Further difficulties with taxonomic phonemics | |
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Phonological rules | |
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Natural classes | |
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A case in point: the velar nasal | |
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Optional rules, variable rules | |
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Rule ordering | |
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Polylectal and panlectal phonology | |
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How accents differ | |
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Introduction | |
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Phonetic realization | |
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Phonotactic distribution | |
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Phonemic systems | |
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Lexical distribution | |
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Further considerations | |
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Consequences: rhymes, puns, and intelligibility | |
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Rhythmical characteristics | |
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Intonation | |
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Voice quality | |
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Why accents differ | |
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Why innovations arise | |
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System preservation | |
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Splits and mergers | |
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Regularization | |
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Why innovations spread | |
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The influence of literacy | |
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External influences | |
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Altering one's accent | |
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Sets and systems | |
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The reference accents | |
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Introduction | |
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The vowel system of RP | |
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The vowel system of GenAm | |
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The two vowel systems compared | |
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RP and GenAm: further comparison | |
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Standard lexical sets | |
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Kit | |
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Dress | |
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Trap | |
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Lot | |
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Strut | |
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Foot | |
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Bath | |
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Cloth | |
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Nurse | |
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Fleece | |
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Face | |
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Palm | |
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Thought | |
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Goat | |
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Goose | |
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Price | |
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Choice | |
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Mouth | |
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Near | |
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Square | |
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Start | |
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North | |
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Force | |
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Cure | |
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Weak vowels: happy, lettER, commA | |
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Systems; a typology | |
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Part-system A | |
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Part-system B | |
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Part-system C | |
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Part-system D | |
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The consonant system | |
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A typology for accents of English | |
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Developments and processes | |
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Residualisms | |
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The Great Vowel Shift | |
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NG Coalescence | |
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The velar fricative | |
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Thought Monophthonging | |
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The Long Mid Mergers | |
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The Fleece Merger | |
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The Foot-Strut Split | |
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The Nurse Merger | |
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Pre-Fricative Lengthening | |
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Yod Dropping | |
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Price and Choice | |
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Long Mid Diphthonging | |
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The Great Divide | |
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British prestige innovations | |
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Vowels before /r/ | |
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R Dropping | |
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R Insertion | |
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Glide Cluster Reduction | |
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Suffix vowels | |
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Bath and Cloth | |
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The Force Mergers | |
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The realization of Goat | |
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Smoothing | |
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Some American innovations | |
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Vowels before /r/ | |
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Lot Unrounding; loss of distinctive length | |
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Later Yod Dropping | |
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Tapping and T Voicing | |
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Some further British innovations | |
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H Dropping | |
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Diphthong Shift | |
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Happy Tensing | |
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L Vocalization | |
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Glottalization | |
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The -ing variable | |
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Sources and further reading | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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The British Isles | |
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Preface | |
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Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols | |
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England | |
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RP revisited | |
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Varieties of RP | |
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U-RP | |
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Adoptive RP | |
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Variability in mainstream RP | |
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RP: systemic variability | |
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RP: distributional variability | |
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RP: realizational variability | |
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RP: lexical-incidential variability | |
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Near-RP | |
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London | |
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Introduction | |
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The vowel system | |
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Monophthongs and centring diphthongs | |
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The Diphthong Shift | |
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The Thought Split | |
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The Goat Split | |
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Vowel plus /l/ | |
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Further remarks on vowels | |
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The consonant system; [h] | |
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Plosives: affrication, glottalling, tapping | |
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Glottalling of other consonants | |
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Fricatives | |
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Yod phenomena | |
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Prosodic features | |
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Literary Cockney | |
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The south | |
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Introduction | |
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East Anglia: vowels | |
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The Norwich vowel system | |
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East Anglia: consonants and prosodic features | |
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The west country: rhoticity and its consequences | |
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The west country: other consonants | |
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The west country: vowels | |
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The Bristol vowel system | |
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The north | |
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Introduction | |
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The Strut words | |
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The Bath words | |
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Other vowels | |
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Two vowel systems | |
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Velar nasal plus | |
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Yorkshire Assimilation | |
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The consonant /r/ | |
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Other consonants | |
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Merseyside | |
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Tyneside | |
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The Celtic countries | |
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Wales | |
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Introduction | |
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Rhoticity | |
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A typical vowel system | |
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Five possible extra contrasts | |
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Further remarks on vowels | |
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Consonants | |
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Connected-speech variants | |
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Prosodic features | |
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Sociolinguistics in Cardiff | |
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Scotland | |
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Introduction | |
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Scots | |
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Monophthongs | |
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Diphthongs | |
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Vowels before /r/ | |
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Consonants | |
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The Highlands and Islands | |
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Prosodic features | |
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Sociolinguistic studies | |
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Ireland | |
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Introduction | |
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The vowel system | |
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Vowels before /r/ | |
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Short vowels | |
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Long vowels | |
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Diphthongs | |
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Weak vowels | |
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Alveolar and dental stops | |
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The liquids | |
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Other consonants | |
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Processes | |
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Prosodic features | |
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The north: introduction | |
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The north: vowel system and vowel length | |
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The north: vowel quality | |
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The north: consonants | |
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The north: processes | |
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The north: intonation | |
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The north: accent and dialect | |
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Summary | |
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Sources and further reading | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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Beyond the British Isles | |
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Preface | |
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Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols | |
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North America | |
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GenAm revisited | |
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Introduction | |
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The Thought-Lot Merger | |
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Further issues relating to Thought and Lot | |
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Bath Raising | |
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Vowels before /r/ | |
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Other vowels | |
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Consonants | |
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Canada | |
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Introduction | |
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The vowel system | |
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The open back vowel(s) | |
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Price, Mouth Raising | |
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Consonants | |
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Questions of incidence | |
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Newfoundland: general | |
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Newfoundland: vowels | |
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Newfoundland: consonants | |
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New York City | |
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Introduction | |
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The vowel system | |
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Variable non-rhoticity and its consequences | |
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Nurse and Choice | |
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Bath Raising | |
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Cloth-Thought Raising | |
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Lot Lengthening | |
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Alveolars and dentals | |
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Other consonants | |
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New England | |
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Introduction | |
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Non-rhoticity | |
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The open front vowel area | |
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The open back vowel area | |
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The New England 'short o' | |
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Price and Mouth | |
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The south | |
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Introduction | |
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The vowel system | |
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The lax vowels | |
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Price and Mouth | |
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Other vowels | |
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Vowel plus nasal | |
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Is southern speech non-rhotic? | |
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Vowel plus /r/ | |
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Vowel plus /l/ | |
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Weak vowels | |
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Consonants | |
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Black English | |
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Introduction | |
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Phonetic characteristics | |
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The West Indies | |
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General characteristics of Caribbean English | |
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Introduction | |
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Creole | |
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TH Stopping | |
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Cluster reduction | |
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Other consonants | |
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Vowels and /r/ | |
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Prosodic features | |
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Individual territories | |
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Jamaica | |
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Trinidad | |
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Guyana | |
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Barbados | |
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The Leewards | |
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Bahamas | |
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The southern hemisphere | |
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Australia | |
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Introduction | |
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The vowel system | |
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Closing diphthongs | |
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Monophthongs | |
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Centring diphthongs | |
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Weak vowels | |
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Consonants | |
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Prosodic characteristics | |
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New Zealand | |
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Introduction | |
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Central Kit | |
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The remainder of the vowel system | |
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The lateral and its influence | |
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Other consonants | |
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South Africa | |
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Introduction | |
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The Kit Split | |
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Other front vowels | |
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Diphthongs | |
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Long monophthongs | |
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The liquids | |
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Other consonants | |
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Regional and social variability | |
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The imperial legacy | |
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India | |
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Introduction | |
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Anglo-Indian | |
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Vowels | |
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Consonants | |
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Prosodic characteristics | |
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Interference and intelligibility | |
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Africa | |
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Introduction | |
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Liberia | |
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Vowels | |
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Consonants | |
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Prosodic characteristics | |
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Interference and intelligibility | |
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The Far East | |
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Singapore | |
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The Philippines | |
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Hawaii | |
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Sources and further reading | |
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References | |
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Index | |