| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
Basics and History of Discovery of Atmospheric Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
History of Discovery of Elements and Compounds of Atmospheric Importance | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Structure and Reactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Reactions and Photoprocesses | |
| |
| |
| |
Lifetimes of Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sun, the Earth, and the Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sun and Its Origin | |
| |
| |
| |
Spectra of the Radiation of the Sun and the Earth | |
| |
| |
| |
Primordial Evolution of the Earth and Its Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure and Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Air Pressure and Density Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Processes Affecting Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Equation of State | |
| |
| |
| |
Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Characteristics of Selected Gases and Aerosol Particle Components | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Urban Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
History and Early Regulation of Urban Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemistry of the Background Troposphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemistry of Photochemical Smog | |
| |
| |
| |
Pollutant Removal | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Aerosol Particles in Smog and the Global Environment | |
| |
| |
| |
Size Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Sources and Compositions of New Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
Processes Affecting Particle Size | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of the Composition of Aerosol Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
Aerosol Particle Morphology and Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Effects of Aerosol Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Meteorology on Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
Winds | |
| |
| |
| |
Global Circulation of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Semipermanent Pressure Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermal Pressure Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Large-Scale Pressure Systems on Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Local Meteorology on Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Pollution on Visibility, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Atmospheric Optics | |
| |
| |
| |
Processes Affecting Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Visibility | |
| |
| |
| |
Colors in the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Project | |
| |
| |
| |
International Regulation of Urban Smog Since the 1940s | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation in the United States | |
| |
| |
| |
Pollution Trends and Regulations Outside the United States | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Indoor Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
Pollutants in Indoor Air and Their Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
Sick Building Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation of Indoor Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Historical Aspects of Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Causes of Acidity | |
| |
| |
| |
Sulfuric Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Nitric Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Natural and Artificial Neutralization of Lakes and Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Recent Regulatory Control of Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Global Stratospheric Ozone Reduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure of the Present-Day Ozone Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationship between the Ozone Layer and UV Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemistry of the Natural Ozone Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
Recent Changes to the Ozone Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Chlorine on Global Ozone Reduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Bromine on Global Ozone Reduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Regeneration Rates of Stratospheric Ozone | |
| |
| |
| |
Antarctic Ozone Depletion | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Life and Ecosystems | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulation of CFCs | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming | |
| |
| |
| |
The Temperature on the Earth in the Absence of a Greenhouse Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming | |
| |
| |
| |
Recent and Historical Temperature Trends | |
| |
| |
| |
Feedbacks and Other Factors That May Affect Global Temperatures | |
| |
| |
| |
Possible Consequences of Global Warming | |
| |
| |
| |
Regulatory Control of Global Warming | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Essay Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Conversions and Constants | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Photograph Sources | |
| |
| |
Index | |