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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: Opening the Conversation | |
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| The Social Construction of Inequality | |
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| Feminism-Feminisms | |
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| Features of Gendered Lives | |
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| Becoming Aware | |
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| Why I Wrote This Book | |
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| Changes in This Edition | |
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| Communication as the Fulcrum of Change | |
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| The Challenge of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Conceptual Foundations | |
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| The Study of Communication, Gender, and Culture | |
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| Communication, Gender, and Culture as an Area of Study | |
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| Expanded Knowledge of Gender, Communication, and Culture | |
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| The Value of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture | |
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| The Meaning of Gender in a Transitional Era | |
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| Confusing Attitudes | |
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| Differences Between Women and Men | |
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| Relationships Among Gender, Culture, and Communication | |
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| Sex | |
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| Gender | |
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| Culture | |
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| Communication | |
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| Communication is a dynamic process | |
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| Communication is systemic | |
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| Communication has two levels of meaning | |
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| Meanings are created through human interaction with symbols | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development | |
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| Theoretical Approaches to Gender | |
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| Biological Theories of Gender | |
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| Interpersonal Theories of Gender | |
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| Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development | |
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| Psychological Theories of Gender Development | |
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| Social learning theory | |
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| Cognitive development theory | |
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| Cultural Theories of Gender | |
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| Anthropology | |
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| Symbolic Interactionism | |
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| Standpoint Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Women's Movements in America | |
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| The Three Waves of Women's Movements in America | |
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| The First Wave of Women's Movements in the United States | |
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| The Women's Rights Movement | |
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| The Cult of Domesticity | |
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| The Second Wave of Women's Movements in the United States | |
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| Radical Feminism | |
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| Lesbian Feminism | |
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| Separatism | |
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| Revalorism | |
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| Ecofeminism | |
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| Liberal Feminism | |
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| Womanism | |
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| Multiracial Feminism | |
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| Power Feminism | |
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| The Third Wave of Women's Movements in the United States | |
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| Remaking Solidarity to Incorporate Differences among Women | |
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| Building Coalitions | |
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| Integrating Theory into Everyday Practices | |
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| The Political Is Personal | |
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| Celebrating Girl Culture | |
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| Antifeminism: The Backlash | |
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| The First Wave: The Antisuffrage Movement | |
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| The Second Wave: Fascinating, Total Women | |
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| The Second Wave: The STOP ERA Campaign | |
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| The Third Wave: Surrendered Wives and the War against Boys and Men | |
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| The Contradictory Claims of Antifeminism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Men's Movements in America | |
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| Profeminist Men's Movements | |
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| Nomas | |
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| Men's Antiviolence Groups | |
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| The White Ribbon Campaign | |
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| Mentors in Violence Prevention | |
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| Masculinist Men's Movements | |
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| The Men's Rights Movement | |
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| Fathers' Rights Groups | |
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| Mythopoetic Men | |
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| Promise Keepers | |
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| The Million Man March | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Verbal Communication | |
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| Verbal Communication Expresses Cultural Views of Gender | |
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| Male Generic Language Excludes Women | |
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| Language Defines Men and Women Differently | |
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| Language Shapes Awareness | |
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| Language Organizes Perceptions of Gender | |
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| Language Evaluates Gender | |
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| Language Allows Self-Reflection | |
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| Gendered Interaction: Masculine and Feminine Styles of Verbal Communication | |
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| Gendered Speech Communities | |
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| The Lessons of Children's Play | |
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| Boys' games | |
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| Girls' games | |
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| Gendered Communication Practices | |
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| Feminine speech | |
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| Masculine speech | |
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| Gender-Based Misinterpretations in Communication | |
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| Showing support | |
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| "Troubles talk" | |
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| The point of the story | |
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| Relationship talk | |
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| Public speaking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Functions of Nonverbal Communication | |
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| To Supplement Verbal Communication | |
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| To Regulate Interaction | |
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| To Establish the Relationship Level of Meaning | |
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| Responsiveness | |
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| Liking | |
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| Power or control | |
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| Forms of Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Artifacts | |
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| Proximity and Personal Space | |
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| Haptics (Touch) | |
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| Kinesics (Facial and Body Motion) | |
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| Paralanguage | |
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| Physical Appearance | |
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| Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior | |
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| Cultural Values Associated with Gendered Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Respecting Gendered Styles of Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Communication in Practice | |
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| Becoming Gendered: The Early Years | |
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| Entering a Gendered Society | |
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| Self-as-Object | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| Gendering Communication in the Family | |
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| Unconscious Processes: Identification and Internalization | |
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| Ego Boundaries | |
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| Parental Communication about Gender | |
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| Parental Modeling | |
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| The Personal Side of the Gender Drama | |
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| Growing Up Masculine | |
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| Growing Up Feminine | |
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| Growing Up Outside Conventional Gender Roles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Close Relationships | |
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| The Meaning of Personal Relationships | |
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| Models of Personal Relationships | |
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| The male deficit model | |
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| The alternate paths model | |
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| Gendered Styles of Friendship | |
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| Women's Friendships: Closeness in Dialogue | |
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| Men's Friendships: Closeness in the Doing | |
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| Friendships between Women and Men | |
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| Gendered Romantic Relationships | |
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| Developing Romantic Intimacy | |
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| Gendered Patterns in Committed Relationships | |
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| Gendered modes of expressing affection | |
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| Gendered preferences for autonomy and connection | |
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| Gendered responsibility for relational health | |
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| Gendered power dynamics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Education: Communication in Schools | |
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| Gendered Expectations and Pressures Facing Students | |
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| Academics | |
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| Males | |
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| Females | |
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| Gender-Stereotyped Curricula | |
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| Athletics | |
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| Gender Socialization in Peer Cultures | |
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| Pressures to conform to masculinity | |
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| Pressures to conform to femininity | |
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| Single-Sex Educational Programs | |
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| Gendered Expectations and Pressures Facing Faculty | |
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| Gendered Hierarchies | |
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| Gender Bias in Evaluations | |
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| Gendered Policies and Expectations | |
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| Earning tenure | |
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| Service expectations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Organizational Communication | |
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| Gendered Stereotypes in the Workplace | |
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| Stereotypes of Women | |
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| Sex object | |
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| Mother | |
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| Child | |
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| Iron maiden | |
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| Stereotypes of Men | |
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| Sturdy oak | |
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| Fighter | |
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| Breadwinner | |
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| Masculine Norms in Professional Life | |
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| Think Manager-Think Male | |
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| Communication Styles Don't Change | |
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| Men and Women Can't Work Together | |
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| Gendered Patterns in Organizations | |
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| Formal Practices | |
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| Leave policies | |
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| Work schedules | |
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| Informal Practices | |
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| Unwelcoming environments for women | |
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| The informal network | |
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| Mentoring relationships | |
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| Glass ceilings and walls | |
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| Efforts to Redress Gendered Inequity in Institutions | |
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| Equal Opportunity Laws | |
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| Affirmative Action Policies | |
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| Quotas and Goals | |
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| Quotas | |
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| Goals | |
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| Diversity Training | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Media | |
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| Media Saturation of Cultural Life | |
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| Gendered Themes in Media | |
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| Underrepresentation of Women and Minorities | |
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| Portrayals of Men and Women | |
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| Portrayals of men | |
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| Portrayals of women | |
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| Images of Relationships between Men and Women | |
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| Women's dependence/Men's independence | |
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| Women's incompetence/Men's authority | |
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| Women as primary caregivers/Men as breadwinners | |
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| Women as victims and sex objects/Men as aggressors | |
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| Gendered Messages in Advertising | |
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| Bias in News Coverage | |
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| Implications of Media Representations of Gender | |
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| Fostering Unrealistic and Limited Gender Ideals | |
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| Pathologizing the Human Body | |
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| Normalizing Violence toward Women | |
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| Is Censorship the Answer? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Gendered Power and Violence | |
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| The Social Construction of Gendered Violence | |
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| The Many Faces of Gendered Violence | |
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| Gender Intimidation | |
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| Sexual Assault | |
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| Intimate Partner Violence | |
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| Sexual Harassment | |
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| Quid pro quo | |
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| Hostile environment | |
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| Whose perspective counts? | |
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| Genital Surgery | |
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| Male circumcision | |
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| Sunna | |
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| Excision or clitoridectomy | |
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| Infibulation | |
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| Gender-Based Murder | |
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| The Social Foundations of Gendered Violence | |
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| The Normalization of Violence in Media | |
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| The Normalization of Violence by Institutions | |
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| Family | |
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| Law enforcement | |
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| Counseling | |
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| Language | |
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| Resisting Gendered Violence: Where Do We Go from Here? | |
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| Personal Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence | |
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| Social Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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| Epilogue: Looking Backward, Looking Forward | |
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| Creating the Future | |
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| Defining Masculinity and Femininity | |
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| Responding to Differences | |
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| Taking a Voice | |
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| Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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| Reflection and Discussion | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |