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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Diminution | |
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| Foreshortening | |
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| Convergence | |
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| Overlapping ... Shades and Shadows | |
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| Color and Value Perspective ... Detail and Pattern Perspective ... Focus Effect | |
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| Professional Applications of Fundamentals | |
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| Reality and Appearance | |
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| In Perspective Drawing You Draw What You See, Not Your Idea or Mental Image of the Subject | |
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| Reality and Appearance--Example: United Nations Buildings from Different Viewpoints | |
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| Reality and Appearance--Example: Park Bench from Different Viewpoints | |
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| How We See for Perspective Drawing | |
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| Cone of Vision ... Central Visual Ray ... Picture Plane | |
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| Basis of Perspective--Lines of Sight Through a Picture Plane | |
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| Why Appearance Differs from Reality--Theory | |
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| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution | |
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| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution and Convergence | |
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| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Foreshortening and Overlapping | |
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| Principal Aids: Vanishing Points and Eye Level (Horizon Line) | |
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| Vanishing Points--All Lines which in Reality are Parallel will Converge toward a Single Vanishing Point | |
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| Vanishing Points (cont.)--When There are Many Sets of Parallel Lines going in Different Directions, Each will Converge toward its own Vanishing Point | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| Eye Level (Horizon Line)--All Horizontal Lines Converge to a Single Horizontal Vanishing Line | |
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| What Locates the Vanishing Line for All Horizontal Lines? | |
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| Why the Observer's Eye Level Dictates the Horizontal Vanishing Line--Theory | |
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| What Locates the Vanishing Point of a Particular Set of Parallel Lines? | |
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| Why the "Parallel Pointing" Method of Locating Vanishing Points is Important | |
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| Nature's Horizon Always Appears at Observer's Eye Level. Therefore, it Can be Used as the Vanishing Line for Horizontal Lines | |
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| Why Nature's Horizon Appears at Observer's Eye Level--Theory | |
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| What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up? | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up (cont.)? | |
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| Reasons for Choosing a Particular Eye Level (Horizon Line) | |
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| Drawing the Cube--Prerequisite to Understanding Perspective | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Looking Straight Out at the Cube | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| Looking Down at the Cube | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| Looking Up at the Cube | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings | |
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| Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings (cont.) | |
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| Many Cubes Oriented in the Same Direction Results in Only Two Sets of Converging Lines | |
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| Cubes Oriented in Many Directions Results in Many Sets of Converging Lines | |
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| Why a Thorough Knowledge of Simple Shapes is Important | |
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| Applications of the Basic Cube and Brick Shapes | |
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| "One-Point" and "Two-Point" Perspective--When and Why? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| Distorted and Correct One-Point Perspective | |
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| More on Looking Up, Down, and Straight Ahead | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Things Seen by Looking Straight Out and Things Seen by Looking Up | |
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| Things Seen by Looking Down | |
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| Review: Looking Up, Straight Out, Down | |
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| Looking Straight Out | |
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| Perspective Distortion | |
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| Related to Vanishing Points and to Cone of Vision | |
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| Observer-Cone of Vision-Vanishing Points Relationship (Horizontal Distortion) | |
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| Vanishing Points Too Far Apart | |
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| Determining Heights and Widths | |
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| Height Lines | |
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| Heights Related to Eye Level | |
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| Heights When Observer is Standing | |
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| Heights When Observer is in Elevated Position | |
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| Heights When Observer is Sitting ... | |
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| Heights When Observer is Lying Down | |
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| Heights Outdoors ... and Indoors | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| Determining Widths in Perspective--Width Lines | |
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| Determining Depths | |
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| Finding Center Points by Diagonals | |
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| Equal Spacing by Diagonals | |
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| Subdividing a Surface by Diagonals ... Dividing a Surface into Equal Spaces by Using a Measuring Line and a Special Vanishing Point | |
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| Dividing a Surface into Unequal Spaces with a Measuring Line and Special Vanishing Point | |
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| Determining Depths and Widths of Room Interiors by the Measuring Line Method | |
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| Another Way of Getting Depths: The Sliding Ruler and Diagonals Method | |
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| Drawing Equal-Sized but Unequally-Spaced Elements--Vanishing Point of Diagonals Method | |
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| Diagonals as an Aid in Drawing Concentric and Symmetrical Patterns on Rectangles and Squares | |
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| Any Design or Pattern can be Reproduced in Perspective by Means of a Grid that Locates its Important Points | |
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| Inclined Planes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vertical Vanishing Line and Horizon Line are Based on Same Theory and Serve Similar Purposes | |
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| Uphill and Downhill (Inclined Planes) | |
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| Some Applications of Inclined Plane Perspective | |
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| Circles, Cylinders and Cones | |
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| Circles and Ellipses | |
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| Drawing the Ellipse | |
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| The Center of a Circle Drawn in Perspective Does Not Lie on the Corresponding Ellipse's Major Axis | |
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| Cylinders | |
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| Cones | |
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| Professional Applications | |
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| Shade and Shadow | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Parallel to Observer's Face | |
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| Application Sketches | |
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| Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Oblique to Observer's Face | |
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| Parallel Light Rays Oblique to Observer's Face (cont.) | |
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| Application Sketches | |
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| Professional Examples | |
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| Shade and Shadow Created by Local Point Sources of Light | |
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| Application Sketches | |
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| Professional Example | |