| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary Remarks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fuel Cells as Electrochemical Engines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generic Fuel Cell and Stack | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Potential Fuel Cell Applications and Markets | |
| |
| |
| |
| History of Fuel Cell Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Electrochemical Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemical versus Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemical Reaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scientific Units, Constants, and Basic Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Faraday's Laws: Consumption and Production of Species | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measures of Reactant Utilization Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Generic Fuel Cell | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamics of Fuel Cell Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Nature of Thermodynamic Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat of Formation, Sensible Enthalpy, and Latent Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of Change in Enthalpy for Nonreacting Species and Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of Change in Enthalpy for Reacting Species and Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychrometrics: Thermodynamics of Moist Air Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermodynamic Efficiency of a Fuel Cell | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum Expected Open-Circuit Voltage: Nernst Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Characterization of Fuel Cell Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarization Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Region I: Activation Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Region II: Ohmic Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Region III: Concentration Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Region IV: Other Polarization Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarization Curve Model Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transport in Fuel Cell Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ion Transport in an Electrolyte | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electron Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gas-Phase Mass Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single-Phase Flow in Channels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiphase Mass Transport in Channels and Porous Media | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heat Generation and Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen PEFC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Water Balance in PEFC | |
| |
| |
| |
| PEFC Flow Field Configurations and Stack Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct Alcohol Polymer Electrolyte Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| PEFC Degradation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multidimensional Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solid Oxide Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alkaline Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological and Other Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen Storage, Generation, and Delivery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modes of Storage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modes of Generation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen Delivery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overall Hydrogen Infrastructure Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Diagnostics and Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemical Methods to Understand Polarization Curve Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Probes and Visualization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Degradation Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Application Study | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Appendix | |
| |
| |
| Index | |