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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types and Classes of Remote Sensing Data | |
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| Brief History of Remote Sensing | |
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| Remote Sensing Space Platforms | |
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| Transmission Through the Earth and Planetary Atmospheres | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Nature and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves | |
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| Fundamental Properties of Electromagnetic Waves | |
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Maxwell's Equations | |
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| Wave Equation and Solution | |
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| Quantum Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Polarization | |
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| Coherency | |
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| Group and Phase Velocity | |
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| Doppler Effect | |
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| Nomenclature and Definition of Radiation Quantities | |
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| Radiation Quantities | |
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| Spectral Quantities | |
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| Luminous Quantities | |
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| Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Detection of Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter: Quick Overview | |
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| Interaction Mechanisms Throughout the Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Solid Surfaces Sensing in the Visible and Near Infrared | |
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| Source Spectral Characteristics | |
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| Wave-Surface Interaction Mechanisms | |
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| Reflection, Transmission, and Scattering | |
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| Vibrational Processes | |
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| Electronic Processes | |
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| Fluorescence | |
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| Signature of Solid Surface Materials | |
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| Signature of Geologic Materials | |
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| Signature of Biologic Materials | |
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| Depth of Penetration | |
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| Passive Imaging Sensors | |
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| Imaging Basics | |
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| Sensor Elements | |
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| Detectors | |
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| Types of Imaging Systems | |
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| Description of Some Visible/Infrared Imaging Sensors | |
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| Landsat-Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) | |
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| Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) | |
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| Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) | |
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| Mars Exploration Rover Panchromatic Camera (Pancam) | |
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| Active Sensor | |
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| Surface Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths | |
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| Radiation Sources | |
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| Detection | |
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| Image Data Analysis | |
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| Detection and Delineation | |
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| Classification | |
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| Identification | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Solid-Surface Sensing: Thermal Infrared | |
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| Thermal Radiation Laws | |
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| Emissivity of Natural Terrain | |
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| Emissivity from the Sun and Planetary Surfaces | |
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| Heat ConductionTheory | |
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| Effect of Periodic Heating | |
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| Use of Thermal Emission in Surface Remote Sensing | |
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| Surface Heating by the Sun | |
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| Effect of Surface Cover | |
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| Separation of Surface Units Based on Their Thermal Signature | |
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| Example of Application in Geology | |
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| Effects of Clouds on Thermal Infrared Sensing | |
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| Use of Thermal Infrared Spectral Signatures in Sensing | |
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| Thermal Infrared Sensor | |
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| Heat Capacity Mapping Radiometer | |
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| Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner | |
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| ASTER Thermal Infrared Sensor | |
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| Spitzer Space Telescope | |
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| 2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) | |
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| Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Solid-Surface Sensing: Microwave Emission | |
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| Power-Temperature Correspondence | |
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| Simple Microwave Radiometry Models | |
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| Effects of Polarization | |
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| Effects of the Observation Angle | |
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| Effects of the Atmosphere | |
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| Effects of Surface Roughness | |
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| Applications and Use in Surface Sensing | |
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| Application in Polar Ice Mapping | |
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| Application in Soil Moisture Mapping | |
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| Measurement Ambiguity | |
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| Description of Microwave Radiometers | |
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| Antenna and Scanning Configuration for Real-Aperture Radiometers | |
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| Synthetic-Aperture Radiometers | |
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| Receiver Subsystems | |
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| Data Processing | |
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| Examples of Developed Radiometers | |
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| Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) | |
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| Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) | |
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| Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission Microwave Imager (TMI) | |
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| Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Solid-Surface Sensing: Microwave and Radio Frequencies | |
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| Surface Interaction Mechanism | |
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| Surface Scattering Models | |
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| Absorption Losses and Volume Scattering | |
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| Effects of Polarization | |
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| Effects of the Frequency | |
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| Effects of the Incidence Angle | |
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| Scattering from Natural Terrain | |
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| Basic Principles of Radar Sensors | |
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| Antenna Beam Characteristics | |
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| Signal Properties: Spectrum | |
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| Signal Properties: Modulation | |
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| Range Measurements and Discrimination | |
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| Doppler (Velocity) Measurement and Discrimination | |
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| High-Frequency Signal Generation | |
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| Imaging Sensors: Real-Aperture Radars | |
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| Imaging Geometry | |
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| Range Resolution | |
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| Azimuth Resolution | |
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| Radar Equation | |
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| Signal Fading | |
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| Fading Statistics | |
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| Geometric Distortion | |
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| Imaging Sensors: Synthetic-Aperture Radars | |
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| Synthetic-Array Approach | |
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| Focused Versus Unfocused SAR | |
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| Doppler-Synthesis Approach | |
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| SAR Imaging Coordinate System | |
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| Ambiguities and Artifacts | |
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| Point Target Response | |
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| Correlation with Point Target Response | |
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| Advanced SAR Techniques | |
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| Description of SAR Sensors | |
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| Applications of Imaging Radars | |
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| Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Scatterometers | |
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| Examples of Scatterometer Instruments | |
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| Example of Scatterometer Data | |
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| Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Altimeters | |
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| Examples of Altimeter Instruments | |
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| Altimeter Applications | |
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| Imaging Altimetry | |
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| Wide Swath Ocean Altimeter | |
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| Nonconventional Radar Sensors | |
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| Subsurface Sounding | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Readings | |
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| Ocean Surface Sensing | |
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| Physical Properties of the Ocean Surface | |
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| Tides and Currents | |
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| Surface Waves | |
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| Mapping of the Ocean Topography | |
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| Geoid Measurement | |
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| Surface Wave Effects | |
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| Surface Wind Effects | |
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| Dynamic Ocean Topography | |
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| Acillary Measurements | |
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| Surface Wind Mapping | |
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| Observations Required | |
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| Nadir Observations | |
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| Ocean Surface Imaging | |
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| Radar Imaging Mechanisms | |
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| Examples of Ocean Features on Radar Images | |
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| Imaging of Sea Ice | |
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| Ocean Color Mapping | |
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| Ocean Surface Temperature Mapping | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Basic Principles of Atmospheric Sensing and Radiative Transfer | |
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| Physical Properties of the Atmosphere | |
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| Atmospheric Composition | |
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| Particulates and Clouds | |
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| Wave Interaction Mechanisms in Planetary Atmospheres | |
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| Resonant Interactions | |
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| Spectral Line Shape | |
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| Nonresonant Absorption | |
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| Nonresonant Emission | |
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| Wave Particle Interaction and Scattering | |
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| Wave Refraction | |
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| Optical Thickness | |
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| Radiative Transfer Equation | |
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| Case of a Nonscattering Plane Parallel Atmosphere | |
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| Basic Concepts of Atmospheric Remote Souding | |
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| Basic Concept of Temperature Sounding | |
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| Basic Concept of Composition Sounding | |
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| Basic Concept of Pressure Sounding | |
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| Basic Concept of Density Measurement | |
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| Basic Concept of Wind Measurement | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Microwave Region | |
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| Microwave Interactions with Atmospheric Gases | |
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| Basic Concept of Downlooking Sensors | |
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| Temperature Sounding | |
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| Constituent Density Profile: Case of Water Vapor | |
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| Basic Concept for Uplooking Sensors | |
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| Basic Concept for Limblooking Sensors | |
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| Inversion Concepts | |
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| Basic Elements of Passive Microwave Sensors | |
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| Surface Pressure Sensing | |
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| Atmospheric Sounding by Occultation | |
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| Microwave Scattering by Atmospheric Particles | |
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| Radar Sounding of Rain | |
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| Radar Equation for Precipitation Measurement | |
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| The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Millimeter and Submillimeter Sensing of Atmospheres | |
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| Interaction with Atmospheric Constituents | |
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| Downlooking Sounding | |
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| Limb Sounding | |
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| Elements of a Millimeter Sounder | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Visible and Infrared | |
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| Interaction of Visible and Infrared Radiation with the Atmosphere | |
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| Visible and Near-Infrared Radiation | |
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| Thermal Infrared Radiation | |
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| Resonant Interactions | |
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| Effects of Scattering by Particulates | |
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| Downlooking Sounding | |
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| General Formulation for Emitted Radiation | |
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| Temperature Profile Sounding | |
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| Simple Cases Weighting Functions | |
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| Weighting Functions for Off Nadir Observations | |
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| Composition Profile Sounding | |
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| Limb Sounding | |
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| Limb Sounding by Emission | |
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| Limb Sounding by Absorption | |
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| Illustrative Example: Pressure Modulator Radiometer | |
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| Illustrative Example: Fourier Transform Spectroscopy | |
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| Sounding of Atmospheric Motion | |
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| Passive Techniques | |
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| Passive Imaging of Velocity Field: Helioseismology | |
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| Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) | |
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| Active Techniques | |
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| Atmospheric Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Ionospheric Sensing | |
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| Properties of Planetary Ionospheres | |
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| Wave Propagation in Ionized Media | |
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| Ionospheric Profile Sensing by Topside Sounding | |
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| Ionospheric Profile by Radio Occultation | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Use of Multiple Sensors For Surface Observations | |
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| Summary of Orbital Mechanics Relevant to Remote Sensing | |
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| Circular Orbits | |
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| General Characteristics | |
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| Geosynchronous Orbits | |
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| Sun-Synchronous Orbits | |
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| Coverage | |
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| Elliptical Orbits | |
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| Orbit Selection | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Simplified Weighting Functions | |
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| Case of Downlooking Sensors (Exponential Atmosphere) | |
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| Case of Downlooking Sensors (Linear Atmosphere) | |
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| Case of Upward Looking Sensors | |
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| Compression of a Linear FM Chirp Signal | |
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| Index | |